677 S.E.2d 95 | Ga. | 2009
SOTO
v.
The STATE.
Supreme Court of Georgia.
*97 Barbara B. Claridge, Augusta, for appellant.
Rebecca A. Wright, Dist. Atty., Madonna M. Little, Asst. Dist. Atty., Thurbert E. Baker, Atty. Gen., Jason C. Fisher, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.
THOMPSON, Justice.
Defendant Raymond Anthony Soto was convicted of malice murder, and possession of a knife during the commission of a crime, in connection with the slaying of Stephanie Nicole Burnett.[1] Soto appeals, asserting the trial court erred in admitting the hearsay statements of his co-defendant, Matthew John Wiedeman, who entered a guilty plea prior to trial, and who gave testimony at trial which exonerated Soto, but who then refused to answer any further questions from either the prosecution or the defense.
1. Viewing the evidence in a light favorable to the verdict, as we are bound to do, we find the following: The victim, 16-year-old Stephanie Nicole Burnett, was romantically involved with Wiedeman. Wiedeman and Soto were friends. When the victim told Wiedeman that she was carrying his child, he decided to kill her by beating her with a barbell. He enlisted Soto in his plan. Wiedeman and Soto walked to the victim's house and lured her outside. Wiedeman hit the victim in the head with the barbell; Soto stabbed her with a knife. The victim's brother found her body the next morning. Crime scene investigators found a barbell, knife, two pairs of tennis shoes, two pairs of latex gloves and bloody clothing, at or near the scene of the murder. The evidence is sufficient to enable any rational trier of fact to find Soto guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes for which he was convicted.
2. As noted above, Wiedeman entered a guilty plea and the State called him as a witness. He testified that Soto walked with him to the victim's neighborhood, but waited at a supermarket while he alone killed the victim by hitting her with a barbell and stabbing her with a knife. Suddenly, in the midst of further questioning by the State, Wiedeman announced that he would not answer any questions. He also refused to answer questions posed by the defense. He continued to refuse to answer questions even after the trial court ordered him to do so and threatened to hold him in contempt. Later, the State was allowed to impeach Wiedeman through the testimony of a police officer and a fellow prisoner by introducing hearsay statements Wiedeman gave to those individuals.[2] Soto asserts the trial court erred in admitting these hearsay statements, pointing out that he was unable to cross-examine Wiedeman as to whether, or why, he made them, and arguing that, therefore, his Sixth *98 Amendment right of confrontation was violated.
Generally, when a witness refuses to continue to testify after having already done so, the proper remedy is to strike pertinent portions of the witness' testimony. As it is said: "[W]hen a witness declines to answer on cross examination certain pertinent questions relevant to a matter testified about by the witness on direct examination, all of the witness' testimony on the same subject matter should be stricken." Smith v. State, 225 Ga. 328, 331, 168 S.E.2d 587 (1969). Thus, in this case, once Wiedeman refused to testify further about his and Soto's conduct on the night of the murder, the trial court would have been well advised to strike Wiedeman's testimony. However, neither party sought that remedy and the trial court was presented with only two alternatives: it could refuse to allow the State to impeach Wiedeman with his prior inconsistent statements or it could allow impeachment at the risk of impinging upon Soto's right of confrontation. Because it chose the latter course, we are faced with a difficult question: When, on direct examination, a witness gives testimony that exonerates a defendant, can the State introduce contradictory out-of-court statements to impeach him, when the statements inculpate the defendant and the witness refuses to answer further questions posed by either the State or the defendant?
(a) Wiedeman's statement to police.
The confrontation clause imposes an absolute bar to admitting out-of-court statements in evidence when they are testimonial in nature, and when the defendant does not have an opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 40, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004).
Gay v. State, 279 Ga. 180, 181-182, 611 S.E.2d 31 (2005).
Although the trial in this case took place prior to the date Crawford was decided, this Court has held that, to the extent that Crawford enunciated a new rule for the conduct of criminal prosecutions, it applies retroactively to all cases pending on direct review or not yet final. See Bell v. State, 278 Ga. 69, 597 S.E.2d 350 (2004).
Gay v. State, supra at 182, n. 2, 611 S.E.2d 31. See also Richard v. State, 281 Ga. 401(1), 637 S.E.2d 406 (2006).
Wiedeman's in-custody statement to police was testimonial inasmuch as it was made during the course of an investigation, Watson v. State, 278 Ga. 763, 768(2), 604 S.E.2d 804 (2004), and it is clear that Soto did not have an "opportunity to cross-examine [Wiedeman] because [Wiedeman] refused to testify. Livingston v. State, 268 Ga. 205, 206, 486 S.E.2d 845 (1997)." Gay v. State, supra. It follows that Wiedeman's statement to police was admitted erroneously "and that the trial judge should have excluded [it] without engaging in a hearsay or reliability analysis." Id.
(b) Wiedeman's statement to the prisoner. In Barksdale v. State, 265 Ga. 9, 453 S.E.2d 2 (1995), the prosecution called Barksdale's co-defendant as a witness, but he refused to testify. Nevertheless, the trial court allowed the prosecution to introduce a videotaped statement that the co-defendant gave to police, reasoning that the videotape was admissible as a prior inconsistent statement. On appeal, Barksdale argued that the introduction of the videotape violated his right of confrontation. This Court agreed, holding that the videotaped statement could not be deemed a prior inconsistent statement because the co-defendant gave no in-court testimony which was in conflict with it. Id. at 11, 453 S.E.2d 2. Going further, this Court also held that the videotaped statement was inadmissible because the witness refused to answer any questions in court and, therefore, the witness was not subject to cross-examination. In so holding, we observed that a prior inconsistent statement is admissible at trial and will not violate the right of confrontation as long as the "`declarant is present at trial and subject to unrestricted cross-examination,' United States v. Owens, 484 U.S. 554, 560, 108 S. Ct. 838, 98 L. Ed. 2d 951 (1988)." (Emphasis supplied.) Id. at 12, 453 S.E.2d 2.
The State argues that Barksdale is inapplicable because, unlike the declarant in that *99 case, Wiedeman did testify and, therefore, his prior statements could be judged to be inconsistent with his trial testimony. We agree that Barksdale is not wholly on point because Wiedeman testified at trial. However, the mere fact that Wiedeman's trial testimony was inconsistent with his prior statements does not mean that his prior statements were admissible at trial. That is because prior inconsistent statements remain inadmissible in the absence of "`an opportunity for effective cross-examination.'" Id. See also McCormick on Evidence, Vol. 2, § 251 (6th ed.2006); United States v. Torrez-Ortega, 184 F.3d 1128, 1132-1134 (10th Cir.1999) (witness' invalid assertion of Fifth Amendment claim rendered him unavailable for cross-examination). Here, defendant was given no opportunity whatsoever to cross-examine Wiedeman because Wiedeman "shut down" in the midst of direct examination and refused to answer further questions posed by either the prosecution or the defense. We must conclude, therefore, that the admission of Wiedeman's prior statements violated defendant's right of confrontation.
The State asserts that the statement to the fellow prisoner was admissible under the necessity exception to the hearsay rule. This assertion must fail because that exception requires that the out-of-court declaration be given under circumstances indicating particularized guarantees of trustworthiness, and the out-of-court statements of an accomplice are inherently unreliable. See Barksdale v. State, supra at 12, n. 3, 453 S.E.2d 2. Likewise, the statement was inadmissible as the statement of a co-conspirator because, even if it can be said that the conspiracy was ongoing when the statement was made, defendant did not have an opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. Livingston v. State, supra at 211, 486 S.E.2d 845,. See also Rachel v. State, 247 Ga. 130, 135-136, 274 S.E.2d 475 (1981).
Wilson v. State, 277 Ga. 114, 587 S.E.2d 9 (2003), upon which the State relies, is not apposite. In that case, the witness denied making the prior inconsistent statement. In this case, to the contrary, Wiedeman was not asked, and he did not say, whether he made a prior statement to the prisoner.
(c) Harmless error analysis. The question remains as to whether the admission of Wiedeman's out-of-court statements in violation of Soto's constitutional right of confrontation was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Gay v. State, supra; Yancey v. State, 275 Ga. 550, 557-558, 570 S.E.2d 269 (2002). The record shows that a few weeks before the murder, Soto was heard saying that he would like to kill someone to see how it felt; that, on the night in question, an eyewitness saw two individuals hop a fence near the victim's residence; that he spoke to the individuals, one of whom he identified as Soto, and asked what they were doing; that Soto replied that they were trying to avoid the lights of a nearby convenience store; that two pairs of latex gloves and shoes, in addition to several t-shirts, a barbell and a knife were recovered at or near the crime scene, indicating that two individuals participated in the murder; and that one of those individuals was Wiedeman. The question that remains was whether Soto was Wiedeman's accomplice.
In a statement to police, Soto admitted that he was with Wiedeman on the night of the murder, adding that Wiedeman killed the victim while he waited across the street. More tellingly, Soto told a fellow prisoner that Wiedeman wanted to kill the victim because she was carrying his child; that he accompanied Wiedeman to the scene of the crime; that, as Wiedeman was struggling with the victim, he asked Soto to "do something"; and that, thereupon, Soto stabbed the victim in the chest with a knife. Soto added that he believed the victim was already dead when he stabbed her because "no blood scooted out." The additional statement to the prisoner comports with the autopsy results which revealed that, in addition to multiple injuries to the head and face, the victim suffered stab wounds to the left chest which pierced the lung and pulmonary artery and resulted in a significant amount of internal, but not external, bleeding.[3] In light of *100 this overwhelming evidence, we find that any error in admitting Wiedeman's hearsay statements was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Johnson v. State, 238 Ga. 59, 60-61, 230 S.E.2d 869 (1976).
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur.
NOTES
[1] The crimes occurred on April 22, 2002. The grand jury indicted defendant and Matthew John Wiedeman on May 7, 2002. Trial commenced on April 21, 2003, and the jury returned its verdict on April 24, 2003. The trial court sentenced defendant on May 5, 2003, to life for malice murder and five consecutive years for possession of a knife. Defendant's timely filed motion for a new trial was denied on June 9, 2008. Defendant filed a notice of appeal on June 16, 2008. The case was docketed in this Court on October 21, 2008, and submitted for decision on the briefs on December 15, 2008.
[2] While in custody, Wiedeman told police that he killed the victim with Soto's help; he told the prisoner that Soto stabbed the victim.
[3] The medical examiner opined that the amount of internal blood loss resulting from the knife wounds demonstrated that the victim was alive when she was stabbed.