Sеction 8 of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”) provides, in pertinent part:
(a) Business referrals. No person shall give and no person shall accept any fee, kickback, or thing of value pursuant to any agreemеnt or understanding, oral or otherwise, that business incident to or a part of a real estate settlement service involving a federally related mortgage loan shall be referred to any person.
(b) Splitting Charges. No person shall give аnd no person shall accept any portion, split, or percentage of any charge made or received for the rendering of a real estate settlement service in connection with a transaction involving a federally related mortgage loan other than for services actually performed.
12 U.S.C.A. § 2607. This case presents the question of whether Chase Manhattan Mortgage Corporation, as a mortgage lender, violated subsection 8(b) of RESPA whеn in connection with loan closings it charged borrowers a $50 fee for “messenger” or “courier” services. Chase paid part of the fee to third-party independent contractors that provided the messenger or courier sеrvices required to complete the loan closing. Because Chase retained a portion of the $50 fee, but did not make the actual deliveries, the borrower contends that Chase accepted a portion of thе charge “other than for services actually performed.”
The district court disagreed and therefore granted Chase’s motion to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim for relief. In the district court’s view, to be liable for viоlating subsection 8(b), Chase had to have shared the portion of the fee it retained with a third party; because Chase did not do so, the court reasoned, it did not violate the statute. We affirm the district court’s decision to dismiss the complaint but we do so for a different reason.
I.
Congress passed RESPA in order to reduce the costs consumers pay to settle their real estate transactions. The statute states:
(a) The Congress finds that significant reforms in the real estate settlеment process are needed to insure that consumers throughout the Nation are provided with greater and more timely information on the nature and costs of the settlement process and are protected from unnecеssarily high settlement charges caused by certain abusive practices that have developed in some areas of the country.
12 U.S.C. § 2601.
One of the abusive practices that Congress sought to eliminate through the enactment of RE SPA was thе payment of referral fees, kickbacks, and other unearned fees. S.Rep. No. 98-866 (1974), reprinted in 1974 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6546, 6551. Of particular interest to Congress was the payment by settlement service providers of commissions or fees in exchange for the referral of а consumer’s business. Id. Congress similarly wished to eliminate fees for which no service was performed and no goods were furnished. Id. These fees are passed along to consumers and increase settlement costs -without providing any benefits.
Sеction 8 of RESPA addresses kickbacks and unearned fees. Subsection 8(a) contains the general prohibition on making payments pursuant to any referral fee arrangement. Subsection 8(b) attempts to close any loopholes by рrohibiting any person from giving or accepting any part of a fee unless services were actually performed. Read together, the *982 two subsections create a broad prohibition against fees that serve solely to increase the cost of settlements to consumers. 1
II.
The district court’s theory in this case was that subsection 8(b) requires two culpable parties to split an unearned fee. According to the district court, the plain language of the statute сompels such an interpretation. The first part of the subsection states that “no person shall give and no person shall accept” a part of a fee other than for services actually performed. 12 U.S.C. § 2607(b). Emphasizing the word “and,” the district court stated that there must be both a culpable giver and a culpable acceptor of the unearned fee. The Fourth Circuit has similarly expressed its opinion that the quoted language implies two culpable parties.
Boulware v. Crossland Mortgage Corp.,
The district court further reasoned that if Chase could be liable for accepting the рart of the charge that it did not pay to the third-party contractors, then the borrower could be liable as the “giver” of the purportedly unearned part of the fee. Two other circuits have come to a similar conclusion. The Seventh and Fourth Circuits have held that a settlement service provider cannot be liable for accepting a fee from the consumer, even if part of the fee was unearned.
Krzalic v. Republic Title Co.,
The district court’s reasoning does not withstand scrutiny, however. First, the assertion that the language “no person shall give and no person shall accept” means that both a giver and an acceptor are required for a violation of subsection 8(b) rests on a misunderstanding of English grammar. Second, a consumer could not be liable as the giver of an unearned portion of a fee because a consumer will always intend to pay the fee for services that are actually rendered.
The district court’s conclusion that subsection 8(b) “plainly says that a violation of the statute requires at leаst two people” is incorrect. In the English language, the word “and” is “[u]sed to connect words, phrases, or clauses that have the same grammatical function.” American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 49 (1976). Subsection 8(b) is comprisеd of a single sentence. The “and” in the sentence connects the two phrases, “no person shall give” and “no person shall accept.” Each of the connected phrases provides a separate subject and verb for the sentence. The “and” in subsection 8(b) therefore operates to create two separate prohibitions: First, “no person shall give any portion, split or percentage of any charge ....”; and second, “no person shаll accept any portion, split or percentage of any charge.... ” Giving a portion of a charge is prohibited regardless of whether there is a culpable acceptor, and accepting a portion of a charge is prohibited regardless of whether there is a culpable giver.
*983 Extending liability only if there were both a culpable giver and acceptor of an unearned fee would lead to irrational results. For example, onе real estate settlement service provider could decide to give a kickback to another. The second provider, aware of RE SPA’s prohibitions, might then refuse to accept the kickback. Under the district court’s reasоning, the first provider would not have violated subsection 8(b), because there was no culpable acceptor of the kickback. That the culpable giver’s liability would turn on whether the intended recipient decided to accept the kickback is irrational.
Furthermore, a consumer could not be liable as the “giver” of an unearned portion of a fee, because the statute only prohibits giving a portion of a fee “other than for services actually performed.” 12 U.S.C. § 2607(b). That is, the payment must be made for some reason other than in exchange for services actually rendered. Absent any connivance, however, a consumer would always pay a fee to a settlement serviсe provider intending that it be used for a service actually performed. A culpable provider could accept the entire fee, knowing that part of it was not for services actually performed, however. In such a cаse the provider could be liable as an acceptor, but the consumer would not be liable as the giver of the unearned portion of the fee.
III.
Although we disagree with the district court as to whether a single party can violate subsection 8(b), we nevertheless affirm its order. We review the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss
de novo,
taking as true the facts as they are alleged in the complaint.
Covad Communications Co. v. BellSouth Corp.,
To state a claim under the applicable part of subsection 8(b) of RESPA, the borrowers must allege that Chase “ac-eept[ed] any portion, split or percentage of any charge ... for the rendering of a real estate settlement sendee ... other than for services actually performed.” 12 U.S.C. § 2607(b). The borrowers have not done so.
The complaint alleges, and we take as true, that Chase charged borrowers $50 for courier or messenger fees, that Chase paid only a portion of that fee to third-party contractors, and that Chase “created the misimpression” that the fees were entirely paid to the third parties. The borrowers have thus contended that Chase accepted a portion of a charge for real estate services. What is missing is an allegation that the portion of the charge that Chase retained was accepted “other than for services actually performed,” i.e., that Chase performed no services that would justify its retention of a portion of the fee.
Not only does the complaint fail to allege that Chase did not perform any services, we dо not believe that the borrowers could credibly make such an allegation. It is undisputed that the charges were paid to Chase and that Chase arranged to have items delivered to complete the closing. Through its agents, therefоre, Chase performed the deliveries that were the subject of the charges. Moreover, *984 even if Chase could not be credited with the actual delivery, Chase benefitted the borrowers by arranging for third party contractors to рerform the deliveries. Under these circumstances, we find it impossible to say that Chase performed no services for which its retention of a portion of the fees at issue was justified.
IV.
Because we find that the borrowers have failed tо allege that Chase accepted a portion of a real estate settlement charge other than for services actually performed, we do not address borrowers’ argument that subsection 8(b) is ambiguous, and that
Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.,
AFFIRMED.
Notes
. Subsections 8(c) and 8(d) complete the prohibition on kickbacks and unearned fees: subsection 8(c) provides specific examples of the sorts of fees that are earned and not prohibited by subsections (a) and (b), while subsection 8(d) provides criminal and civil liability against persons who violate section 8. 12 U.S.C. § 2607(c), (d).