47 Mass. App. Ct. 154 | Mass. App. Ct. | 1999
The plaintiffs, Sonesta International Hotels Corporation and Sonesta Hotels of Florida, Inc. (collectively, Sonesta),
The issues on the cross appeals are three: the damages award for Sonesta for breach of contract; the ruling exempting CFI from Sonesta’s c. 93A claim; and the ruling upholding personal jurisdiction over CFI.
Narrative. For some years, “Sonesta Villa Resort” in Orlando, Florida, was a Sonesta-flagged hotel, managed on the ground by Sonesta for the owner corporation, Sand Lake Management Company. The owner filed for bankruptcy around September, 1992. The trustee in bankruptcy, about October, 1992, decided to change the management of the hotel and engaged for that purpose Hospitality Management Corporation (HMC). The trustee, however, wanted to retain the Sonesta flagging as well as access to Sonesta’s various services. Accordingly, the trustee and Sonesta entered into a “Transition and License Agreement” (Agreement) dated October 21, 1992, of which the principal provisions dealt with the licensing of the trustee, on stated terms of payment, to use the name Sonesta,
In June, 1993, CFI, a large “timeshare”
At the end of July, 1993, Sonesta and CFI commenced negotiations, chiefly about revising the fees. Under the Agreement, CFI had agreed to a basic license fee of three percent of room rentals.
Sonesta on February 1, 1994, gave notice to CFI of the termination of the Agreement, to be effective on May 5, 1994,
Upon receiving the notice of termination, CFI called to ask Sonesta to reconsider, but Sonesta refused. On the termination date of May 5, Sonesta ceased taking reservations for the hotel. CFI was obliged by the Agreement to desist after that date from using the name Sonesta or logo, etc., in connection with the hotel or any related services. Sonesta warned CFI on May 10 to comply; if any violations were not remedied by May 12, Sonesta would charge at the rate of $1,500 per day from May 5. CFI complained of this, asked if Sonesta really expected to collect such fees, and finally asked a week’s reprieve, which was granted. CFI in fact did not comply; the violations continued in sundry ways over a considerable period of time. On June 16, 1994, Sonesta commenced the present action. (Additional facts will be mentioned where relevant.)
1. Damage award. It is clear enough that CFI was in breach of contract. CFI’s complaint, that the damages awarded were excessive and not supported by the evidence, is without substance. Of the $213,173.39 found by the jury, $138,173.39 can represent the sum of specific deficits of payment under the terms of the Agreement for license fees, fees for optional services, etc. The balance of some $75,000 can readily be accounted for as damages for the improper uses of the Sonesta symbols and for consequential injuries, all evidently within the judge’s instructions. The evidence filling out this balance of $75,000 is not so speculative as to discredit the figure. See Agoos Leather Co. v. American & Foreign Ins. Co., 342 Mass. 603, 608 (1961); Our Lady of the Sea Corp. v. Borges, 40 Mass. App. Ct. 484, 487-488 (1996).
2. Locus of any c. 93A violations. The judge was disposed to hold that CFI was in substantive violation of G. L. c. 93A,
The judge wrote that “[t]he essence of the defendant’s unfair and deceptive actions” consisted of the use of Sonesta’s name after the stated termination date and despite warnings to stop. CFI deployed the name on a sign outside the hotel, and used it in trade magazine advertisements and on business checks; its operators used the name in speaking to customers and inquirers. Some improper uses continued for at least a year. Virtually all acts took place in Florida or originated there. The emanations to Massachusetts were rare or insignificant, as when the trade literature bearing the advertisements, in circulating through most of the States and several foreign countries, may have alighted occasionally in Massachusetts. The judge found also, as illicit acts, that CFI entered into the Agreement with the intention not to perform it, and in any case that it wilfully refused to make the contract payments: these acts, too, the judge located in Florida under § 11.
The working out of a theory of ascription of location under the statute is complicated by the varieties of behavior that come into question — verbal misrepresentations may differ for the purpose from breaches of warranties of goods. Then the statute
Bushkin Assocs., Inc. v. Raytheon Co., 393 Mass. 622, 638-639 (1985), leaves room for emphasis on the place where the acts offensive to the statute occurred or took effect.
3. Personal jurisdiction.
“The agreement in question contemplated an ongoing relationship between the parties, namely that Sonesta would continue to provide various marketing services to the resort and would permit the resort to use the Sonesta name, the Sonesta reservation system, and other services. These services would be performed by Sonesta from its offices in Boston. In addition, the resort would send' periodic payments to Sonesta in Boston and have contact with Boston when required. It is the failure to make certain of the periodic payments that led to this suit.
“Pursuant to the agreement, the controller of the defendant’s resort placed telephone calls to Sonesta’s accounting department in Boston on various occasions; the*161 General Manager and/or Director of Marketing of the defendant’s resort was in regular contact with Sonesta’s marketing and advertising department in Boston; and the defendant placed orders from Sonesta’s purchasing department in Boston for items needed at the resort. In addition, the defendant sent payments and periodic reports to Sonesta in Massachusetts (or at least until it ceased paying its bills and this suit commenced). In short, there were numerous telephone and written communications sent from the defendant in Florida to the plaintiff in Massachusetts over the course of time.”
These observations of the judge, based on the affidavits submitted on the pretrial motion, were confirmed and reinforced by extensive evidence received at trial.
The judge held, and we agree, that the contacts mentioned fell within the broad reach of the clause “transacting any business in this commonwealth” found in the long-arm statute, G. L. c. 223A, § 3(a), as inserted by St. 1968, c 760. See Haddad v. Taylor, 32 Mass. App. Ct. 332, 335 (1992); United Elec., Radio & Mach. Wkrs. v. 163 Pleasant St. Corp., 960 F.2d 1080, 1087 (1st Cir. 1992), appeal after remand, 987 F.2d 39 (1st Cir. 1993). The judge said we do not háve here merely an “isolated” transaction, citing Droukas v. Drivers Training Academy, Inc., 375 Mass. 149, 151 (1978), or a fortuitous one. He thought Good Hope Indus., Inc. v. Ryder Scott Co., 378 Mass. 1, 6 (1979), was comparable.
Constitutional due process requirements have been satisfied here. Through its solicitation of Sonesta and presumed cooperation with Sonesta under the Agreement, CFI “purposefully avail[ed] itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws,” Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958), and CFI could have “ ‘reasonably anticipate^]’ out-of-state litigation.” Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474 (1985) (citation omitted).
The dual constitutional elements are “minimum contacts” and “reasonableness.” The former is justified thus in WorldWide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 291-292 (1980):
“[M]inimum contacts . . . can be seen to perform two related, but distinguishable, functions. It protects the defendant against the burdens of litigating in a distant or inconvenient forum. And it acts to ensure that the States, through their courts, do not reach out beyond the limits imposed on them by their status as coequal sovereigns in a federal system.”
Our comments above about the long-arm statute speak sufficiently to this element. As to “reasonableness,” the burden is on the defendant to show the assertion of jurisdiction against it would be unreasonable, see Burger King, supra at 477,
Judgment affirmed.
Sonesta International Hotels Corporation is a New York corporation with its principal place of business in Massachusetts. Sonesta Hotels of Florida, Inc., is a subsidiary, organized originally to manage the resort in Orlando, the
We sometimes use “Sonesta,” as the sense will suggest, to signify the recognizable Sonesta flag consisting of name, marks, logo, goodwill, etc.
The association with Sonesta was valuable not only because the name had been continuously connected with the hotel, but because the name had wide recognition. At the time of suit, Sonesta owned two hotels and was managing fifteen.
The services, to a considerable extent managed from the Sonesta headquarters in Boston, were listed in detail in the categories: “Reservations,” “Sales,” “Public Relations,” “Other,” and “European Sales Representation.”
Briefly stated, timeshare operators sell “shares” which give the buyers certain interests in vacation properties with rights of use for stated periods of the year.
This evidently was Sonesta’s typical license fee. The rate was based on actual room rentals, not reservations, and excluded extras such as room service fees. The license fee was to be paid monthly, by the 15th, for rentals in the previous month.
CFI points to a provision of the Agreement which seems superficially to limit remedies to a declaration and injunctive relief. The point was not raised at trial. See Knapp Shoes, Inc. v. Sylvania Shoe Mfg. Corp., 15 F.3d 1222,
The fuller text of § 11, eighth par., as amended by St. 1986, c. 363, § 4, reads: “No action shall be brought or maintained under this section unless the actions and transactions constituting the alleged unfair method of competition or the unfair or deceptive act or practice occurred primarily and substantially within the commonwealth. For the purposes of this paragraph, the burden of proof shall be upon the person claiming that such transactions and actions did not occur primarily and substantially within the commonwealth.”
See Makino, U.S.A., Inc. v. Metlife Capital Credit Corp., 25 Mass. App. Ct. 302, 308 n.4 (1988), describing legislative changes in the locational provision from 1967 onward. The basic criterion has remained pretty steady.
In Bushkin, supra, an officer of Raytheon, in Massachusetts, made deceptive statements by telephone to the plaintiff in New York; the plaintiff acted on the statements in New York and is said to have suffered his loss in New York. Raytheon sustained its defense under § 3(l)(¿>)(i), which at that time contained the limiting phrase “primarily and substantially within the commonwealth,” now found in § 11, eighth par.
There is no necessary inconsistency between a negative holding on § 11 location and a holding that personal jurisdiction exists in the action, as the considerations of policy in the two fields are distinct. See Burnham v. Mark IV Homes, Inc., 387 Mass. 575, 580 (1982).
In Good Hope Indus., supra, a defendant Texas company contracted to appraise natural gas reserves on Texas property leased by a plaintiff corporation with its main office in Springfield, Massachusetts. Most of the work was done in Texas, but the defendant was required to send periodic appraisal reports, as well as monthly invoices, to the plaintiff here. Jurisdiction was sustained.
The Burger King case, supra, resembles the instant case. Plaintiff Burger King, of Florida, franchised its name, goodwill, etc., to the defendant franchisee conducting the restaurant business in Michigan. The plaintiff sued in Florida for breach of the franchise agreement and for trademark infringement in that (among other things) the defendant held itself out as a Burger King after termination of the franchise. Jurisdiction was upheld.