AMENDED ORDER DENYING (1) DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; (2) PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO DISQUALIFY DEFENSE COUNSEL
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Paul Somers brought'this lawsuit against -his former employer, Digital Realty Trust, and Ellen Jacobs, a Senior Vice President at Digital Realty Trust (collectively, Digital Realty, or Defendants). See Docket No. 1 (Complaint); see also Docket No. 38 (Ellen Jacobs Deck) at ¶ 2. While Somers’ complaint pleads five separate causes of action, including claims for discrimination on the basis of his sexual orientation and defamation, Digital Realty’s current motion to dismiss challenges only one cause of action: that Digital Realty violated the anti-retaliation provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank, or DFA) where it allegedly terminated Somers’ employment in ■ retaliation for his making internal reports of securi
Also pending before the Court is Som-ers’ motion to disqualify Defendants’ counsel, Seyfarth Shaw, for a purported conflict of interest. Because Seyfarth Shaw’s pri- or representation of Somers — for a total of 2.1 hours of billable time — is not “substantially related” to its current successive representation of the Defendants, disqualification is not appropriate. This motion is also DENIED.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Background Relevant to Digital Realty’s Motion to Dismiss
Somers was hired by Digital Realty in July 2010. Complaint at f 10. According to Plaintiff, Digital Realty “operates as a real estate investment trust” that “owns, acquires, develops and manages technology-related real estate.” Complaint at ¶ 13.
Somers worked as a Vice President of Portfolio Management at Digital Realty, first in Europe and then in Singapore. Id. at ¶¶ 10, 15. In Singapore, Somers reported to Senior Vice President Kris Ku-mar, who headed up the Asian Pacific region for Digital Realty. Id. at ¶ 15. “Shortly before Plaintiffs wrongful termination by Defendant Digital, Plaintiff made complaints to senior management regarding actions by Kumar which eliminated internal controls over certain corporate actions in violation of Sarbanes Ox-ley.” Id. at ¶ 22; see also id. at ¶46 (“Plaintiff complained to Defendant Digital’s officers, directors, and/or managing agents that certain of Kumar’s activities violated requirements for internal controls established by [ ] the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.”). According to Somers, Kumar had committed a number of acts of “serious misconduct,” including “hiding [ ] seven million dollars in cost overruns on a development in Hong Kong.” Id. at ¶ 27.
Somers was fired by Digital Realty on April 9, 2014. According to Somers, he was fired (at least in part) in retaliation for internally reporting Kumar’s alleged violation^) of Sarbanes-Oxley or other applicable laws. See Complaint at ¶ 50. It is undisputed that Somers never reported Kumar’s alleged violations to the SEC or any other outside enforcement agency. See Docket No. 21 (Plaintiffs Opposition to Motion to Dismiss) at 2.
B. Background Relevant to Somers’ Motion to Disqualify
Before going to work for Digital Realty, Plaintiff was represented by a partner at Seyfarth Shaw, Eugene Jacobs.
Sometime after the presentation, Mr. Jacobs avers that he was contacted by Susan Duda, an executive coach at Kens-ington International, asking for an additional copy of the discussion handout, “presumably so she could share it with [her client] Mr. Somers.” Eugene Jacobs Decl. at ¶7. Jacobs sent Duda the discussion handout. Id. Two days later, Ms/ Duda “sent Mr. Somers’ resume to me and told me that he may contact me about legal representation. Later that day, Mr. Som-ers engaged me to provide legal advice regarding his potential employment agreement with Newcastle Limited, a Chicago-based real estate advisor and investor.” Id, at ¶ 8. According to Mr. Jacobs’ time records from April 22, 2010, he spent. 8 hours on a “telephone conference [with] P. Somers regarding employment matter issues and strategies.” Somers Decl., Ex. A (Bill from Seyfarth Shaw to Somers).
On April 26, Mr. Jacobs contends that Somers “sent me documents that Newcastle had sent him about the position for which he interviewed, including an offer letter template, job description, and summary of employee benefits available to Newcastle employees.” Eugene Jacobs Decl. at ¶ 10. Mr. Jacobs’ time records indicate that he conducted a 1.3 hour-long telephone conference with Somers that day to “review Newcastle offer letter and related documents; identify issues.” Somers Decl., Ex. A. These two telephone conferences, lasting 2.1 hours in' total, are the only legal work Jacobs (and Seyfarth Shaw) performed for Somers. See Somers Decl. at ¶ 5.
According to Jacobs, he next heard from Somers on April 30, when Somers “advised me that his negotiations with Newcastle had stalled.” Eugene Jacobs Decl. at ¶ 11. Somers then “emailed [Jacobs] out of the blue” in June 2010 to tell him “that he had already accepted a position with Digital Realty Trust.” Eugene Jacobs Decl. at ¶ 12. According to Jacobs, he “had no input whatsoever in any; negotiations, if there were any, or other -terms and conditions relating to Mr. Somers’ employment with Digital Realty.”- Jacobs further declares that:
Mr. Somers never sought any legal advice of any nature from me in connection with the job at Digital Realty, nor did I provide any legal counsel to him regarding Digital Realty in any regard whatsoever. In addition, Mr. Somers did not share any confidential information with me about his job at Digital Realty. My representation of Mr. Somers was limited to advising him. on issues relating to the negotiation of an employment agreement with Newcastle.
Id. at ¶ 14. Somers confirms that he “did not ask Mr. Jacobs to negotiate [his] agreement with Digital [Realty].” Somers Decl. at ¶ 2. However, Somers claims that he used-“ideas” from Mr. Jacobs’ presentation outline “in other subsequent matters,” and that he “obtained my job with Digital Realty Trust, Inc. while still in communication with Mr. Jacobs.” Id. at ¶¶ 2-3. Mr.
III. DISCUSSION
A.. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Som-ers’Dodd-Frank Whistleblower Claim
Digital Realty moves to dismiss Somers’ second cause of action, which alleges that Somers was wrongfully terminated from his employment in retaliation for reporting his supervisor’s purported law violations to Digital Realty management. According to Digital Realty, Somers does not qualify as a “whistleblower” under the Dodd-Frank Act because he did not report any alleged law violations to the SEC. Digital Realty also argues in its reply brief that Somers has not adequately pleaded that his internal reports were either “required or protected” under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. See 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(h)(l)(A)(iii). For the reasons explained below, Digital Realty’s first argument is unavailing and- its second argument was waived where Digital Realty failed to raise it in its original motion.
1. Passage of Dodd-Frank and Relevant Statutory Provisions
Dodd-Frank established a new whistle-blower program in 2010 by adding Section 21F to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act). See Section .21F, codified at 15 U.S.C. § 78u-16. Section 21F “encourages individuals’ to provide information relating to a violation of U.S. securities laws” through two “related provisions that: (1) require the SEC to pay significant monetary awards to individuals who provide information to the SEC which leads to a successful •enforcement action; and (2) create a private cause of action for certain individuals against employers who retaliate against them for taking specified protected actions.” Asadi v., G.E. Energy (USA), L.L.C.,
The DFA. defines a “whistleblower” as “any individual who provides, or 2 or more individuals acting jointly who provide, information relating to a violation of the securities laws to the Commission, in a manner established, by rule or regulation, by the Commission.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(a)(6) (emphasis added). Dodd-Frank forbids employers from retaliating against whistleblowers, and sets forth specific prohibitions. Specifically the DFA provides that “[n]o employer , may discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass, directly or indirectly, or in- any other manner discriminate against, a whistleblower in the terms, and conditions of employment because of any lawful act done by the whis-tleblower—
(i) in providing information to the Commission in accordance with this section;
(ii) in initiating, testifying in, or assisting in any investigation or judicial or administrative action of the Commission based upon or related to such information; or
(iii) in making disclosures that are required or protected under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 7201 et seq.), this chapter [ie., the Exchange Act], including section 78j-l(m) of this title, section 1513(e) of Title 18, and any other law, rule, or regulation subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission.”
An aggrieved whistleblower under the DFA may also have a claim under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which created a civil right of action to protect employees from retaliation for reporting law violations. See 18 U.S.C. § 1514A. However, the remedies and procedures associated with a Sarbanes-Oxley Act anti-retaliation claim are considerably different from those provided under the whistleblower-protection provision of the DFA. Three main differences bear highlighting. First, the DFA provides for recovery of two times back pay, whereas Sarbanes-Oxley provides for recovery of back pay without a multiplier, along with other economic damages such as emotional distress damages. Compare 15 U.S.C. § 78u—6(h)(1)(C) with 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(c)(2); see also Halliburton, Inc. v. Admin. Review Bd.,
2. The SEC Issues Rule 21F-2 (b)(1) Interpreting the Whistleblower-Pro-tection Provisions
The SEC issued final rules interpreting and implementing Section 21F of the DFÁ in .June 2011. See Securities Whistleblower Incentives ’ and Protections .(Adopting Release), 78 Fed.Reg. 34300, 34301-34304 (June 13, 2011). In particular, the SEC issued Exchange Act Rule 2lF-2(b)(l), which states that for the purpose of the whistleblower-protection program, “you are a whistleblower if ... [y]ou provide information in a manner described in ... 15 U.S.C. 78u-6(h)(l)(A).” See 17 C.F.R. § 240.21F-2(b)(l).
As noted above, the DFA — and specifically, section 78u-6(h)(l)(A) — “sets forth three types of protected whistleblower activity, the last of which [ie., subsection (iii) ] includes ‘making disclosures that are required or protected under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.’ ” Connolly,
3. SEC Rule 21F-2(b)(1) is Entitled to Deference
The determinative issue for resolving Digital Realty’s motion to dismiss is whether SEC Rule 21F-2(b)(1) is entitled to Chevron deference. See Chevron, U.S.A. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc.,
a. Applicability and Legal Standards of Chevron Frameioork
“[Administrative implementation of a particular statutory provision qualifies for Chevron deference when it appears that Congress delegated authority to the agency generally -to make rules carrying the force of law, and that the agency interpretation claiming deference was promulgated in the exercise of-that authority.” United States v. Mead Corp.,
However, consideration of whether an agency interpretation is permissible under Chevron requires an examination of two steps. First, as a threshold matter, the Court must consider, “whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue.” Chevron,
b. Chevron Step One: The Statute is Ambiguous
Under the first step of Chevron, the Court must determine whether the whistleblower-protection provisions of the DFA are ambiguous. “The plainness or ambiguity of statutory language is determined by reference to the language itself, the specific context in which that language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole.” Robinson v. Shell Oil Co.,
As Judge Koh recently explained, the “large majority”
The tension arises when one considers the definition of a “whistleblower” as codified in Section 21F(a)(6). The DFA only provides anti-retaliation protection to “a whistleblower in the terms and conditions of employment,” and Section 21F(a)(6) defines a “whistleblower” as “any individual who prorides ... information relating to a violation of the securities laws to the Commission.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(a)(6) (emphasis added). As a number of courts have recognized, Section21F(h)(1)(A)(iii) appears to be “ ‘in direct conflict with the DFA’s definition of a whistleblower because [subsection (iii) ] provides protection to persons who have not disclosed information to the SEC,’ ” while Section21F(a)(6) requires the person report to the Commission. Khazin,
Digital Realty’s arguments that there is no ambiguity or conflict in the DFA— which essentially parrot the arguments made by those courts that have concluded similarly — are not entirely persuasive. The .first argument is that because the “whistleblower” definition in Section 21F(a)(6) is plain and unambiguous, the plain language of that definition must control over any putatively conflicting statutory text that appears later in Section 21F. See Asadi,
' In support of the argument that a clear definitional term must control, the Asadi court cites to th,e Scalia & Gamer treatise, which states that “[w]hen ... a definitional section says that a word ‘means’ something, the clear import is that this is its only meaning.” Scalia & Garner, supra, at 226 (emphasis in original). But just two pages later, the very same treatise recognizes that while a statutory definition provides a “very strong indication” of a term’s meaning, it is “nonetheless one that can be contradicted by other indications. So
Indeed, just this Term the Court again found contextual ambiguity in what otherwise appeared to be seemingly clear statutory language. See Yates v. United States, — U.S.-,
As both Bond and Yates demonstrate, a court may decline to strictly apply a definitional term in a statute, or otherwise adopt the plain and ordinary meaning of statutory language, where other tools of
In determining whether the DFA’s definition of “whistleblower” itself compels the outcome in this case, the Court must consider the “specific context in which that language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole.” Robinson,
i. The Whistleblower Definition Would Render Subsection (iii) Superflous Because That Definition Conflicts mth Various Provisions of Subsection (iii) Which Clearly Contemplate Only Internal Reports, and not Reports to the SEC
As noted above, the broad language of subsection (iii) is arguably in tension with the narrower definition of a whistle-blower contained in Section 21F(a)(6). As Judge Koh observed in Connolly, subsection (iii) would be rendered meaningless by the strict application of the definition of “whistleblower” under the DFA because subsection (iii) appears to contemplate a broad scope of protection for individuals who do not make reports to the Commission. Connolly,
Despite the fact that a number of courts have found that subsection (iii) of the DFA “would be ineffective if whistleblowers must report directly to the SEC,” Connolly,
Assume a mid-level manager discovers a securities law violation. On the day he makes this discovery, he immediately reports this securities law violation (1) to his company’s chief executive officer (“CEO”) and (2) to the SEC. Unfortunately for the mid-level manager, the CEO, who is not yet aware of the disclosure to the SEC, immediately fires the mid-level manager. The mid-level manager, clearly a “whistleblower” as defined in Dodd-Frank because he provided information to the SEC relating to a securities law violation, would be unable to prove that he was retaliated against because of the report to the SEC. Accordingly, the first and second category of protected activity would not shield this whistleblower from retaliation. The third category of protected activity, however, protects the mid-level manager. In this scenario, the internal disclosure to the CEO, a person with supervisory authority over the mid-level manager, is protected under 18 U.S.C. § 1514A, the anti-retaliation provision enacted as part of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“the SOX anti-retaliation provision”). Accordingly, even though the CEO was not aware of the report to the SEC at the time he terminated the mid-level manager, the mid-level manager can state a claim under the Dodd-Frank whistle-blower-protection provision because he*1101 was a “whistleblower” and suffered retaliation based on his disclosure to the CEO, which was protected under SOX.
Id. at 627-28.
Digital Realty s reliance on Asadi is misplaced. While the Court assumes, without deciding, that the above hypothetical posited in Asadi actually presents one situation where sections 21F(a)(6) and 21F(h)(l)(A)(iii) could be applied in harmony such that the latter section would not be superfluous,
There are a number of provisions in subsection (iii) that conflict with the assumption that only those who report to the SEC enjoin the whistleblowing protection of the DFA. For instance, subsection (iii) expressly protects a whistleblower who makes required or protected disclosures under section 78j — 1 of the Exchange Act. See 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(h)(l)(A)(iii). Section 78j-l(b), entitled “Required response to audit discoveries,” provides that an individual conducting an audit of a public company must, "under certain circúmstañces, “inform the appropriate level of the management of the issuer ..'. [of] illegal acts that have been detected or have otherwise come to the attention” of the auditor “unless the illegal act is clearly inconsequential.” 15 U.S.C. § 78j-l (b)(1)(B). Section 78j-l further requires that if the company (ie. “issuer”) does not take reasonable “remedial action” after receiving such a report of illegal acts, an auditor must “directly report its conclusions to the board of directors” of the corporation. 15 U.S.C. § 78j-1(b)(2). - Critically, section 78j-1 only ' permits an auditor to report such “illegal acts” to the SEC if the board of directors or other internal management fails to take appropriate remedial action. See 15 U.S.C § 78j-1(b)(3)(B) (providing that an auditor may either resign or report putative law violations to the SEC where management fails to appropriately respond to an internal report of such violations). That is, section 78j-1 clearly requires internal reporting of illegal acts, and does not contemplate any report of such acts to the SEC, except in limited circumstances. Congress’s express mention of section 78j-1 in subsection (iii) of the Dodd-Frank whistleblower protection provision would seem to indicate that Congress wished to cover auditors who made required internal reports about illegal acts.. Yet if this Court is required to limit the DFA’s protection to-.those who report to the SEC, nearly all of the conduct “required” under section 78j-1 and its scheme.of internal reports would be undermined.
As another example, subsection (iii) clearly covers internal reports required of attorneys under Sarbanes Oxley. See 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) (prohibiting retaliation for disclosures that are “required
In light of these examples, Section 21F(a)(6)’s narrow definition of whistle-blower cannot easily be reconciled with. Section 21F(h)(l)(A)(iii)’s seemingly expansive scope, which appears to cover conduct under statutes that expressly require internal whistleblowing activity to occur before an individual may even consider making a voluntary report to the SEC.
ii. The Whistleblower Definition Would Render the Words “To The Commission” in Subsections (i) and (ii) Superfluous
Digital Realty (and Asadi’s) next argument — -that reading the DFA to apply to employees who do not make a report to the SEC would read the words “to the Commission” out of the statutory definition of a whistleblower — is not dispositive. See Asadi,
iii. The Wording of Sections (i) and (ii) as Compared to (iii) and the Legislative History of the DFA Further Supports a Finding of Ambiguity
Moreover, subsections (i) and (ii) expressly refer to providing information or testimony to the Commission, while (iii) makes no similar reference to the Commission. The difference in language, wherein the key qualification articulated in (i) and (ii) is omitted from (iii), suggests a legislative intent that (iii) not be read to require SEC reporting. See Sebelius v. Auburn Regional Med. Cntr., — U.S. -,
Indeed, this construction accords with the legislative history. Subsection (iii) was added to the DFA at the very last minute. Indeed, subsection (iii) never appears in any version of DFA until it formally passed, nor does it appear to have ever been discussed in the legislative record. Seé, e.g., H.R. 4173, 111th- Congress (May 27, 2010; Public Print) (last version of Dodd-Frank before passage did not contain relevant subsection). The conflict between the newly-added (and very broad) subsection (iii) and the narrow whistle-blower definition that was consistently present in every version of the bill from its first introduction in Congress, see H.R. 4173, 111th Congress (Dec. 2, 2009), could well have been a legislative oversight. And given the belated addition of subsection (iii), it’is at least reasonable to assume that Congress intended for the scope of the DFA whistleblower-provisions to be broader than in earlier versions of the bill, which versions unambiguously required an external report to the Commission in order to be protected from employer retaliation. See, e.g., H.R. 4173, 111th Congress (May 27, 2010; Public Print) (report to Commission unambiguously required under penultimate draft of Dodd-Frank). Certainly, the legislative" history contains no indication, apart from the definition of whistle-blower itself, that Congress' purposefully intended to limit whistleblower protections under (iii) solely to those making reports to the Commission. • See Bond,
iv. The Fifth Circuit’s Concerns Regarding Rendering the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Anti-Retaliation Provisions “Moot”, are Unfounded
The Asadi court also contends that-an expansive reading of the Dodd-Frank whistleblower protection provisions would render the Sarbanes-Oxley “anti-retaliátion provision, for practical purposes, moot.” Asadi,
The Fifth Circuit overlooked two reasons why individuals might choose to file a claim under Sarbanes-Oxley's whistleblower provisions, either in addition to, or in place of, a DFA claim. First, certain individuals may actually prefer the administrative forum provided by SOX, especially given that OSHA assumes responsibility for investigating and presenting a retaliation claim under Sarbanes-Oxley. See, e.g., 29 C.F.R. § 1980.104-1980.105 (providing that OSHA, rather than the plaintiff, will investigate Sarbanes-Oxley whistleblower claims in the first instance and present its findings to an administrative law judge). Second, while the DFA provides greater back pay than is allowable under SOX, a plaintiff who prevails under SOX can obtain other types of monetary damages not available under the DFA. For instance, a winning SOX plaintiff can recover damages for noneconomic harms such as emotional distress and reputational harm. See 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(c)(2)(C); Halliburton,
v. Policy Reasons Support a Finding of Ambiguity
Because this Court believes that the language of the DFA whistleblower-protection provision is at least somewhat in conflict, it is relevant to observe that the Fifth Circuit’s resolution of that conflict — reading subsection (iii) narrowly to require a report to the Commission — seems at odds with public policy underlying the DFA, As Judge Koh has noted, the Fifth Circuit’s reading of the law is entirely “contrary to Dodd-Frank’s purpose of encouraging reporting of securities violations” and otherwise improving accountability in the financial system. Connolly,
vi. Summary
At bottom, it is difficult to find a clear and simple way to read the statutory provisions of Section 21F in perfect harmony with one another. While Asadi’s interpretation of the statute is not unreasonable, neither is the counterveiling interpretation rendered by a number of district courts. The issue before this Court is not the preferable interpretation, but whether the statute is ambiguous. The Court finds there is sufficient ambiguity to open the door to administrative interpretation and invocation of Chevron deference to the
4. Chevron Step-Tivo: The SEC Rule is Entitled To Deference
Given that the whistleblower protection provisions of the DFA are ambiguous, the next question this Court must decide is whether SEC Rule 21F-2(b)(1) is a “permissible construction of the statute.” Connolly,
First, the SEC’s interpretation is reasonable because it effectively eliminates the tension between the narrow definition of whistleblower in Section 21F(a)(6) and the seemingly very broad coverage of subsection (iii). Put simply, the SEC’s interpretation is reasonable because it permits a large class of individuals to qualify as protected whistleblowers, a result which appears consistent with the broad language Congress employed in subsection (iii).
Second, the SEC’s interpretation is reasonable because it “comports with Dodd-Frank’s scheme to incentivize broader reporting of illegal activities.” Connolly,
Third, the Court finds the SEC’s interpretation is reasonable because it encourages internal reporting of possible law violations. As the SEC persuasively explained in an amicus brief, Rule 21F-2(b)(1) establishes parity between individuals who first report to the SEC and those who first report internally, thereby avoiding a “two-tiered structure of anti-retaliation protections that might discourage some individuals from first reporting internally in appropriate circumstances, and, thus, jeopardize the benefits that can result from internal reporting.” SEC Amicus Br. at 28; see also Proposed Rules for Implementing the Whis-tleblower Provisions of Section 21F of
Finally, the Court finds the SEC’s interpretation is reasonable because it enhances the Commission’s ability to bring enforcement actibns against employers that engage in retaliatory conduct. As the SEC has stated, a narrow reading of Dodd-Frank would “significantly weaken the deterrence effect on employers who might otherwise consider taking an adverse employment action.” SEC Amicus Br. at 29; see also Connolly,
Put simply, Rule 21F-2(b)(l) appears to be a reasonable interpretation of Dodd-Frank’s whistleblower-protection , provisions, and thus is entitled to deference.
5. Digital Realty’s Remaining Argument is Waived
In its reply brief, Digital Realty argues for the first time that Somers’ retaliation claim must fail because he did not adequately allege that his internal reports were “protected” under Sarbanes-Oxley and thus he cannot claim under subsection (iii). Specifically, Digital Realty argues that because Somers did not exhaust his administrative remedies to bring a whistle-blower claim under Sarbanes-Oxley directly, his disclosures were not “protected” under Sarbanes-Oxley, and thus the DFA does not apply irrespective of whether Somers could- have qualified as a “whistle-blower.” See 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(h)(l)(A)(iii) (DFA prohibits retaliation against an individual who makes “disclosures that are required or protected under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act”).
Because Digital Realty did not make this argument in its initial motion to dismiss, the argument is waived. See Dytch v. Yoon, No. C 10-02915 MEJ,
B. Plaintiff’s Motion to Disqualify Defendants’ Counsel
Plaintiffs motion to disqualify Defendants’ counsel, Seyfarth Shaw, must similarly be denied. “[W]e apply state law in determining matters of disqualification.” In re Cnty. of Los Angeles,
Under the substantial relationship test, disqualification “turns on two variables: (1) the relationship between the legal problem involved in the former representation and the legal problem involved in the current representation, and (2) the relationship between the attorney and the former client with respect to the legal problem involved in the former representation.” Jessen v. Hartford Cas. Ins. Co.,
Here, the substantial relationship test is plainly not met. Somers hired Eugene Jacobs, a partner at Seyfárth Shaw, to provide 2.1 hours of legal work related to his efforts to secure a position at Newcastle Limited, a Chicago-based real estate advisor and investor. See Eugene Jacobs Decl. at ¶ 8. Somers admits that Jacobs did not advise him with regards to his employment contract with Digital Realty. Somers Decl. at ¶2. Somers vaguely claims that he “discussed the Digital Realty opportunity briefly with Mr, Jacobs and informed. Mr. Jacobs about some aspects of my approach to obtaining the job with Digital,” but even if this were true,
Defendants’ motion to dismiss is denied because Somers has pleaded sufficient facts to establish a plausible claim that he is a whistleblower under the Dodd-Frank Act. An external complaint to the SEC is not required under Rule 21F2 — (b)(1), and that rule is entitled to Chevron deference. The Court finds, and hereby certifies pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), that this aspect of the Court’s order is appropriate for interlocutory appeal, as the issue presented “involves a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation.” Id.; see also Docket No. 61 (Order granting Defendants’ request to certify for interlocutory appeal, and explaining this Court’s reasoning).
Plaintiffs motion to disqualify Seyfarth Shaw is denied because Seyfarth’s short representation of Somers is wholly unrelated — let alone substantially so — to Sey-farth’s current representation of Digital Realty.
This order disposes of Docket Nos. 20 and 31.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Notes
. Digital Realty also argued that Somers could not maintain a cause of action for whis-tleblower retaliation under the Sarbanes-Ox-ley Act directly because Somers did not exhaust his administrative remedies. Somers states in his opposition brief that he did not plead or intend to bring a Sarbanes-Oxley whistleblower claim, see Docket No. 21 at 1, and so Defendants' motion to dismiss any such claim is currently unripe.
. Mr. Jacobs is not related to Defendant Ellen Jacobs. Ellen Jacobs Deck at ¶ 10.
. The following is a non-exhaustive list of other district courts that have concluded that the DFA is ambiguous and determined that the SEC interpretation of the DFA whistle-blower-protection provisions is entitled to deference. Murray v. UBS Securities, LLC, No. 12 Civ. 5914 (JMF),
. As will be discussed below, however, a small minority of courts — including the only appellate court to have ruled on the issue— have held that the language, of the DFA is unambiguous and requires a whistleblower to make a report to the SEC in order to qualify for anti-retaliation protection. See, e.g., Asadi,
. "Chemical weapon” was defined in relevant part as "[tjoxic chemicals and their precursors ...” where "toxic chemical” was in turn defined as "[a]ny chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals.” Bond,
, The Court notes that the SEC has taken the position in various other litigations that the Fifth Circuit hypothetical is flawed because "[w]hether an individual’s disclosures constitute a ‘protected activity’ under the Fifth Circuit’s narrow reading of clause (iii) would turn on whether the individual has made a separate disclosure to the Commission. The Commission contends that if the employer is genuinely unaware that the employee has separately disclosed to the Commission, any adverse employment action that the employer takes would appear to lack the requisite retaliatory intent — i.e., the intent to punish the employee for engaging in a protected activity,” See Br. of the Sec. & Exch. Comm’n at 23, Safarian v. American DG Energy Inc., No. 14-2734,
. The Court notes that there has' been softie controversy' between the SEC and -certain State Bar Associations, which have argued that an attorney may not report to the SEC without client consent, and that attorneys may be subject to discipline for complying with 17 C.F.R. § 205.3. See generally The New World, of Risk for Corporate Attorneys and Their Boards Post-Sarbanes-Oxley: An Assessment of Impact and a Prescription for Action, 2 Berkeley Bus, L.J. 185, 205-2010 (2005).
. Jacobs denies Somers’ vague allegations: “Mr. Somers never sought any legal advice of any nature from me in connection with the job at Digital Realty, nor did I provide any legal counsel to him regarding Digital Realty in any regard whatsoever. In addition, Mr. Somers did not share any confidential information with me about his job at Digital Realty. My representation of Mr, Somers was limited to advising him on issues relating to the negotiation of an employment agreement with Newcastle.” Eugene Jacobs Decl. at ¶ 14.