Sol Melia, SA d/b/a Sol Melia Hotels & Resorts (“Sol Melia”), and the Sol Group Corporation (“Sol Group”) were sued in Georgia by Georgia residents 1 who were injured in an automobile accident in the Dominican Republic. Sol Melia filed a motion to dismiss the complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction. The trial court denied the motion, and we granted Sol Melia’s application for interlocutory appeal. Because the exercise of jurisdiction over Sol Melia would offend due process, we reverse the trial court’s judgment.
As the defendant moving to dismiss, Sol Melia bears the burden of proving lack of jurisdiction. 2 A motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction must be granted if there are insufficient facts to support a reasonable inference that the defendant can be subjected to the court’s jurisdiction. 3
[Wjhen the outcome of the motion depends on unstipulated facts, it must be accompanied by supporting affidavits or citations to evidentiary material in the record. Further, to the extent that defendant’s evidence controverts the allegations of thecomplaint, plaintiff may not rely on mere allegations, but must also submit supporting affidavits or documentary evidence. 4
We owe no deference to the trial court’s judgment because the motion was decided on the basis of the written submissions. 5 Any factual disputes raised by the evidence must be resolved in the plaintiffs’ favor. 6
Thus viewed, the record shows that Sol Melia is a Spanish corporation and its principal place of business is in Spain. Sol Group, which is not a party to this appeal, is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Florida. Sol Group is registered to do business in Georgia and has a registered agent for service of process in this state. Through a subsidiary, Sol Melia owns a majority interest in the parent company of Inversiones Areito (“Areito”), which in turn owns and operates the Paradisus Palma Real Resort (the “Resort”), a hotel in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. The plaintiffs vacationed at the Resort in April of 2006. They purchased from Areito a “Royal Service Package” (the “Package”), which included meals, club-level rooms, and upgraded concierge services. The package did not include the cost of airfare or transportation from the airport to the Resort. However, an Areito employee at the Resort reserved a taxi for the plaintiffs when they checked out. The taxi was owned and operated by Taxi Vernon, a Dominican entity, and the driver was employed by Taxi Vernon. On the way to the airport, the taxi was involved in a collision in which the plaintiffs were injured.
In their complaints, which were not verified, the plaintiffs alleged that the taxi driver’s negligence and recklessness caused their injuries; that the driver was Sol Melia and/or Sol Group’s agent; that Sol Melia and/or Sol Group agreed to provide their transportation to the airport and breached a duty owed to the plaintiffs to exercise ordinary care “in the safe operation of the vehicle and in arranging for [their] airport transfer”; that Sol Group was Sol Melia’s agent, servant, and representative and that Sol Group procured business and accepted payments for Sol Melia. In addition to counts of direct and vicarious liability, plaintiffs alleged counts of breach of contract and fraudulent representation.
Sol Melia tendered two affidavits in support of its motion to dismiss. Christelle Luchini, the Resort’s Royal Service manager at the time of the underlying incident, averred that the Package, which plaintiffs purchased from Areito, included premium resort services, such as personalized assistance in planning tours and excursions, preferential spa, dinner, golf, and tennis reservations, and daily mail and newspaper delivery. Luchini further averred that the Package did not include airfare or the cost of transportation between the Punta Cana airport and the Resort; that Areito did not provide such transportation; but that an Areito employee working at the Resort arranged the plaintiffs’ transfer to the airport by calling a taxi for them. The taxi was owned by Taxi Vernon and operated by a Taxi Vernon employee.
Juan Ignacio Pardo, Sol Melia’s general counsel, averred that Sol Melia neither owns nor operates any hotel in the United States; is not authorized to do business in Georgia; conducts no sales, marketing, or promotional activities in Georgia; does not target Georgia residents, who represent less than 0.1% of the company’s revenue; and does not advertise in Georgia newspapers or publications. Pardo averred that Sol Melia does operate an Internet web site that can be accessed by Georgians and through which customers can purchase vacation packages directly from the hotels that Sol Melia manages or owns in other countries. The plaintiffs, however, did not book their trips through the web site; instead, they called a toll-free 800 number managed by a third party, who sent their reservation information directly to Resort personnel in the Dominican Republic. Pardo also averred that Sol Melia never entered into any contract with the plaintiffs, never received any payment from them, and never paid anyone a fee or commission in connection with their booking. Finally, Pardo
Plaintiffs submitted no affidavits in response to Sol Melia’s affidavits. Instead, they submitted printouts of Sol Melia’s web site and its annual reports showing that it owns Sol Group. Sol Melia’s 2006 annual report calls its web site an “essential distribution channel for hotels.” The site has a phone number for making reservations that includes “MELIA” and the copyright states “2008 resorts by Sol Melia.”
1. Sol Melia argues that its contacts with Georgia are insufficient for a Georgia court to exercise jurisdiction over it under the long-arm statute, OCGA § 9-10-91. We conclude that the constraints of constitutional due process preclude the exercise of personal jurisdiction over Sol Melia under the facts of this case.
The Georgia long-arm statute pertinently provides that
[a] court of this state may exercise personal jurisdiction over any nonresident... , as to a cause of action arising from any of the acts . . . enumerated in this Code section, in the same manner as if he were a resident of the state, if in person or through an agent, he: (1) Transacts any business within this state. 7
In Innovative Clinical & Consulting Svcs. v. First Nat. Bank of Ames, Iowa (“Innovative”), 8 our Supreme Court concluded that OCGA § 9-10-91 (1) “grants Georgia courts the unlimited authority to exercise personal jurisdiction over any nonresident who transacts any business in this [s]tate.” 9 Recognizing that “this statutory language would expand the personal jurisdiction of Georgia courts beyond that permitted by constitutional due process,” the Court “construe[d] subsection (1) as reaching only to the maximum extent permitted by procedural due process.” 10 “Due process requires that individuals have fair warning that a particular activity may subject them to the jurisdiction of a foreign sovereign.” 11 The question is “whether a defendant could reasonably expect to be haled into court in a particular forum,” 12 based on its contacts with the state. The inquiry consists of a three-part test:
Jurisdiction exists if (1) the nonresident defendant has purposefully done an act or consummated a transaction in Georgia, (2) the cause of action arises from or is connected with the act or transaction, and (3) the Georgia court’s exercise of jurisdiction does not offend traditional fairness and substantial justice. 13
In other words, before a nonresident may be sued in Georgia, such nonresident “must have purposefully directed [its] activities at residents of the forum, and the litigation must result from alleged injuries that arise out of or relate to those activities.” 14 The first two elements are used to determine whether the nonresident defendant has established the minimum contacts necessary for a Georgia court to exercise personal jurisdiction. 15
We find in this case that Sol Melia has demonstrated the absence of the second requirement. In other words, the evidence shows that plaintiffs’ claims of direct and vicarious liability for the taxi driver’s negligence,
[a] finding that such a tenuous relationship between Pueblo’s relevant contacts and the negligence of the captain who was not employed or controlled by Pueblo somehow satisfied the relatedness requirement would not only contravene the fairness principles that permeate the jurisdictional due process analysis, but would also interpret the requirement so broadly as to render it virtually meaningless. 24
The due process requirements relied upon by the Eleventh Circuit in
Oldfield
are the same as those espoused by the Supreme Court of Georgia in
Beasley,
25
which was cited with approval in
Innovative
as “explicating the minimum contacts required for the proper exercise of long-arm jurisdiction.”
26
Applying the due process analysis to the instant case, it is clear that the injuries sustained by the plaintiffs are too remote from any of Sol Melia’s contacts with Georgia to satisfy the relatedness requirement. The plaintiffs were injured in a taxi neither owned nor operated nor compensated by Sol Melia. Sol Melia did not arrange for their transfer to the airport; this was done by an Areito employee at the Resort. They had already checked out of the Resort and had paid the Resort directly for their accommodations and meals. The Package purchased by the plaintiffs did not include transportation between the Resort and the Punta Cana airport. Sol Melia did not enter into a contract
2. Although this litigation does not arise out of Sol Melia’s contacts with Georgia, plaintiffs argue the exercise of “general” jurisdiction is proper, citing Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Colemon. 28
As we recognized in Colemon, a state’s exercise of general jurisdiction over a foreign corporation in a suit not arising out of or related to the corporation’s contacts with the forum comports with due process if the corporation has sufficient contacts with the forum state. 29
[F] actors relevant to the existence of such jurisdiction include regularly doing business in the state, deriving substantial revenue from goods or services in the state, having agents or employees in the state, maintaining an office in the state, and having subsidiaries or business affiliates in the state. 30
In Colemon, we relied on these factors in affirming the denial of the defendant’s motion to dismiss. In that case, the plaintiffs decedent was killed while driving a Mitsubishi in Honduras, and the plaintiff brought a wrongful death action against Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (“Mitsubishi”), a Japanese corporation, in Georgia. 31 In its pleadings, Mitsubishi admitted that it designs and manufactures vehicles for use in Georgia; that it uses its wholly-owned subsidiary to distribute its vehicles here; and that the wholly-owned subsidiary has a registered agent for service of process in Georgia. 32 We concluded that Mitsubishi regularly transacted business in Georgia by distributing its vehicles here through the subsidiary, and this was “precisely the kind of continuous and systematic business contact that justifies the exercise of general jurisdiction.” 33
The evidence here does not support an inference that Sol Melia has continuous and systematic business contact with Georgia such as would permit the exercise of general jurisdiction. Sol Melia has no officers, employees, or offices in Georgia, and the revenue it derives from Georgia residents — 0.1% — is not substantial. Sol Melia conducts sales and marketing activities primarily in Europe and does not conduct any such activities in Georgia. Sol Group manages the advertising and marketing of Sol-brand hotels in the United States.
Plaintiffs contend that Sol Melia controls Sol Group, so that the exercise of general jurisdiction is proper. In this regard,
neither the Due Process Clause nor traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice preclude the exercise of personal jurisdiction over a parent corporation if the parent’s control over the subsidiary's] activities is so complete that, the subsidiary is, in fact, merely a division or department of the parent. 34
3. Finally, the plaintiffs urge this Court to order further discov ery in the event that we find the record insufficient to support jurisdiction. But this Court cannot address any issue on which the trial court did not rule. “This court is for the correction of errors of law, and where the trial court has not ruled on an issue, we will not address it.” 38
Judgment reversed.
Notes
The plaintiffs/appellees are: Matt and Vida Brown, Reinaldo Gil, and Michelle and Jason Smaha.
ATCO Sign & Lighting Co. v. Stamm Mfg.,
Taeger Enterprises v. Herdlein Technologies,
(Citations omitted.)
Beasley v. Beasley,
ATCO Sign & Lighting Co., supra.
Id. at 529.
OCGA § 9-10-91 (1).
Id. at 675.
(Citation, punctuation and emphasis omitted.) Id.
(Punctuation omitted.) Beasley, supra at 421, citing
Burger King v. Rudzewicz,
Beasley, supra.
(Citation omitted.)
ATCO Sign & Lighting Co.,
supra at 529. Accord
Gateway Atlanta Apts. v. Harris,
Stuart v. Peykan, Inc.,
Beasley, supra.
(Punctuation and footnote omitted.) Id. at 1214 (I) (A).
Id. at n. 3.
Id. at 1214 (I) (A).
Id. at 1214 (I) (B).
Id. at 1217 (I) (B). See Aero
Toy Store v. Grieves,
Oldfield, supra at 1223 (II) (B).
Id.
(Citation omitted.) Id. at 1223-1224 (II) (B).
Supra (although our three-part test is not a due process formula, it contains “helpful analytical tools which ensure that a defendant is not forced to litigate in a jurisdiction solely as a result of‘random,’ ‘fortuitous’ or ‘attenuated’ contacts”), citing
Burger King,
supra,
Innovative, supra at 675.
See
McHale v. HJGM, Inc.,
Id. at 88-89 (1).
(Footnote omitted.) Id. at 89.
Id. at 86.
Id. at 87 (1).
(Footnote omitted.) Id. at 89 (1).
(Citation and punctuation omitted.)
Cobb County v. Jones Group
P.L.C.,
(Punctuation and footnotes omitted.)
All Star, Inc. v. Fellows,
See
McLain v. Mariner Health Care,
Cf.
Pratt & Whitney Canada v. Sanders,
(Punctuation and footnote omitted.)
CDP Event Svcs. v. Atcheson,