On February 5, 2005, the plaintiff was seriously injured when she fell while trying to traverse an area of frozen slush at the condominium complex where she lived. She filed a negligence action against the condominium association that owned the complex (the owner). After trial in Superior Court, the jury returned a special verdict that found that the ice hazard was open and obvious and that the plaintiff had a reasonable alternative to walking across it. On that basis, the judge entered judgment absolving the owner of liability. At issue on appeal is the correctness of the judge’s instructions regarding the open and obvious danger rule, and of the special verdict form that incorporated those instructions. Because we conclude that the judge improperly applied the open and obvious danger rule to the owner’s duty to remedy the hazard, we reverse.
Background. In October of 2004, the plaintiff, a seventy-four year old retiree, moved into a condominium unit at the Concord Greene Condominium complex in Concord. The following January, the Concord area experienced significant snowfall, and it snowed again on February 3 and 4. Sometime between 9:00 and 10:00 on the morning of February 5, 2005, a Saturday, the plaintiff left her unit to travel to a local arts center where she regularly pursued her avid interest in sculpting. To get to her car, she walked down the walkway to the parking lot. The walkway itself had been cleared of snow and ice, as had much of the parking lot. In the area where the walkway joined the parking lot, however, the plaintiff encountered frozen slush with deep footprints. 2 According to her own testimony, she recognized the danger and knew that she “had to be especially careful.” Seeing that “it was just a few more steps” before she “got out of the danger zone,” she concluded that she could navigate the patch safely if she used care. Despite these aspirations, she fell and broke her hip. 3
The plaintiff testified that there was no alternative route to *335 her car. On cross-examination, defense counsel attempted to elicit from her that she in fact could have bypassed the icy area, suggesting a specific alternative route. The plaintiff testified that she could not have taken that route without climbing over “a pile of snow.”
The owner also suggested that the plaintiff could have returned to her unit and called the twenty-four hour number listed in the tenant handbook. The handbook did not have a section specific to snow and ice removal. It did, however, generally instruct that when the complex office was closed, as it is on weekends, “the phone is answered by an answering service that will reach maintenance personnel in an emergency [and m]aintenance personnel can be reached for immediate availability.” 4 The plaintiff acknowledged that she had a copy of the tenant handbook in her possession and that she had consulted it for other purposes when she first moved into the complex. She testified that when she encountered the icy area at the end of the walkway, it did not “dawn on” her to return to her unit to look in her tenant handbook and call for emergency assistance.
The case was presented to the jury on special questions. The parties agreed that the first question the jury should address was whether “the substance upon which plaintiff fell [was] an unnatural accumulation of snow or ice,” with a verdict to return in the owner’s favor if the jury answered that question in the negative. They hotly contested which questions should follow. The owner argued that the jury should turn immediately to whether any ice hazards were open and obvious, and that the judge should enter judgment in its favor if the jury answered that question in the affirmative. The plaintiff countered that the extent to which the ice hazard was open and obvious went only to the plaintiff’s comparative negligence and did not relieve the owner of its duty of care.
Agreeing with the owner, the judge adopted question number two on the special verdict form that asked whether “the danger *336 ous nature of the accumulation [was] open and obvious.” However, after the owner’s closing argument, but before the plaintiff made her closing argument, the judge had a partial change of heart. He decided that if the jury concluded that the dangers were open and obvious, the jury would not automatically return the verdict in the owner’s favor, but that the jury should then consider a new question number three: “Did the plaintiff have any reasonable alternative to traversing the frozen ice or snow area?” If the jury determined that the plaintiff did have a reasonable alternative, the jury verdict would return in the owner’s favor. Both parties expressed their unhappiness with this compromise and preserved their objections to it.
After the judge charged the jury in this manner and the jury began its deliberations, they requested clarification regarding the meaning of question number three. Specifically, the jury inquired, “Is making a phone call to maintenance considered a reasonable alternative?” The judge answered that this was for the jury to decide.
As demonstrated by their answers on the special verdict form, the jury determined that the plaintiff fell on an “unnatural” accumulation of snow or ice, that the dangerous nature of the accumulation was open and obvious, and that the plaintiff had a “reasonable alternative to traversing the frozen ice or snow area.” Consistent with the judge’s instructions, the jury did not address the owner’s potential liability further. Thus, the jury did not assess whether the owner was negligent or whether the owner’s negligence was a substantial contributing cause of the plaintiff’s injuries. The judge entered judgment in favor of the owner.
Discussion. A
property owner “owes a common-law duty of reasonable care to all persons lawfully on the premises.”
O’Sullivan
v.
Shaw,
“It is hard to conceive of anything more universally known to be plainly liable to cause a person to slip than ice, yet it has not infrequently been held that knowledge of the presence of ice on the part of one attempting to pass over it, sometimes even when there is another way open, is not such evidence of negligence as to warrant the court in ruling as a matter of law that the person injured by the attempt to get over the slippery place is precluded from recovery by negligence.”
Frost
v.
McCarthy,
As this quote recognizes, even prior to the amendments to G. L. c. 231, § 85, that incorporated the adoption of comparative negligence (see St. 1969, c. 761, § 1), and the later abolition of the defense of assumption of the risk (see St. 1973, c. 1123, § 1), the Supreme Judicial Court had emphasized that whether a plaintiff’s own conduct in encountering an ice hazard should bar recovery was generally a question for the jury to decide. See
Baldassari
v.
Produce Terminal Realty Corp.,
*338 No reported Massachusetts case has held that the obviousness of the dangers posed by the hazards of an unnatural accumulation of snow or ice negates an owner’s duty to remedy the hazard. 7 Despite this, the owner argues that the open and obvious danger rule is a generally applicable principle and that there is no good reason not to apply it to ice hazards of the sort at issue here. We disagree. We first address background principles and then turn to the propriety of the judge’s specific course of action.
The Restatement recognizes that a property owner or possessor should not be relieved from remedying open and obvious dangers where he “can and should anticipate that the dangerous condition will cause physical harm to the invitee notwithstanding its known or obvious danger.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343A comment f, at 220 (1965). We recently expressed support for this principle, and we noted that the Supreme Judicial Court has cited Restatement comment f with apparent approval. See
Quinn
v.
Morganelli,
As the Restatement further recognizes, one of the specific circumstances where harm to others is foreseeable is “where the possessor has reason to expect that the invitee will proceed to encounter the known or obvious danger because to a reasonable man in his position the advantages of doing so would outweigh the apparent risk.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343A comment f, at 220. Our case law is replete with examples of people who, upon encountering snow or ice hazards, nevertheless continued to venture forward in the belief that they could do so
*339
safely if they proceeded with care. See, e.g.,
Dewire
v.
Bailey,
That being the case, we conclude that the open and obvious danger rule does not operate to negate a landowner’s duty to remedy hazardous conditions resulting from unnatural accumulations of ice and snow, at least where, as here, those hazards lie in a known path of travel. Therefore, the jury should not have been asked to determine, as a threshold liability question, whether the dangers posed here were open and obvious. Of course, the reasonableness of the plaintiff encountering the hazard, despite its obviousness, may be considered by the jury insofar as it relates to the issue of comparative negligence. See G. L. c. 231, § 85;
O’Sullivan
v.
Shaw,
Having concluded that the open and obvious danger rule does not operate to negate the defendant’s duty of care, we still must address the propriety of the hybrid approach employed here. By directing the jury to consider whether the plaintiff had a reasonable alternative, the judge provided the plaintiff with a more forgiving standard than strict application of the open and obvious danger rule. However, even though the jury were persuaded that the plaintiff elected to proceed despite having a reasonable alternative to encountering a known hazard, this was not dis-positive of the defendant’s liability as a matter of law. It remained for the jury to determine whether the defendant was negligent, whether that negligence was a proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries, whether any negligence of the plaintiff in crossing the *340 snow and ice was a substantial contributing factor, and, if so, to determine the parties’ relative percentages of fault.
Conclusion. The judgment is reversed, the jury verdict is set aside, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
So ordered.
Notes
Multiple witnesses testified that snow plows could not reach this area because of a parked vehicle.
According to her testimony, the broken hip permanently affected her mobility, caused her long-term pain, led to two major hip surgeries and $200,000 in medical bills, and otherwise affected her health and well-being. The owner actively contested the extent to which the plaintiff’s alleged injuries were attributable to the fall, and pointed out that she had a host of health problems unrelated to it.
Although there was testimony that maintenance personnel could be reached within “seconds” through the answering service, there was no testimony or other evidence on how long it would have taken such personnel to come address the problem. In its closing argument, the owner nevertheless argued — without protest — that, had the plaintiff called, people could have come out to the site to fix the problem in “20 minutes.”
The Supreme Judicial Court has pending before it a case that raises the
*337
question whether the distinction between “natural” and “unnatural” accumulations of snow or ice should be revisited.
Papadopoulos
v.
Target Corp.,
In Silver v. Cushner, supra at 586-587, the plaintiff saw ice on the stairs but proceeded down them. The court concluded as follows: “[Tjhere [was] nothing in this evidence to show that the plaintiff was negligent . . . unless on the ground that she should not have attempted to use the steps in the slippery condition shown, but should have used another available means of egress or should have put ashes or salt on the steps .... The plaintiff was using the steps as contemplated . . . .” Id. at 587.
The owner endeavors to rely upon the concurring opinion to
Barrasso
v.
Hillview West Condominium Trust,