63 N.C. App. 86 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1983
We begin our analysis of these cases by emphasizing that the sole question before the trial court, as raised by defendants’ motions in each case, was whether the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction, defendants only motions being motions to dismiss pursuant to G.S. 1A-1, Rule 12(b)(1) of the Rules of Civil Procedure. Therefore, the question of whether plaintiffs’ complaints have stated claims upon which relief can be granted is not before us. The briefs of the parties to this appeal speak also to the issue of whether plaintiffs have stated claims upon which relief may be granted.
The subject matter of plaintiffs’ claims is their wrongful discharge from employment in alleged violation of the laws and Constitution of the State of North Carolina and in alleged violation of the Constitution of the United States, constituting a deprivation of plaintiffs’ civil rights under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983, to plaintiffs’ injury and damage.
Section 1983, derived from the Act of April 20, 1871, provides that every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom or usage, of any State or Territory, subjects or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States, or other person within the jurisdiciton thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities, secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.
It is well established that State courts have concurrent general subject matter jurisdiction to hear Section 1983 claims. In Martinez v. California, 444 U.S. 277, 100 S.Ct. 553, 62 L.Ed. 2d 481 (1980), reh. denied, 445 U.S. 920, 100 S.Ct. 1285, 63 L.Ed. 2d 606 (1980), this footnote appears:
We note that the California courts accepted jurisdiction of this federal claim. That exercise of jurisdiction appears to be consistent with the general rule that where “ ‘an act of Congress gives a penalty to a party aggrieved, without specifying a remedy for its enforcement, there is no reason why it should not be enforced, if not provided otherwise by some act of Congress, by a proper action in a State court.’ ” Testa v. Katt, 330 U.S. 386, 391, 91 L.Ed. 967, 67 S.Ct. 810, 172 A.L.R.*89 225, quoting Claflin v. Houseman, 93 U.S. 130, 137, 23 L.Ed. 833. See also Aldinger v. Howard, 427 U.S. 1, 36, n. 17, 49 L.Ed. 2d 276, 96 S.Ct. 2413 (Brennan, J., dissenting); Grubb v. Public Utilities Comm’n, 281 U.S. 470, 476, 74 L.Ed. 972, 50 S.Ct. 374. We have never considered, however, the question whether a State must entertain a claim under Section 1983. We note that where the same type of claim, if arising under state law, would be enforced in the state courts, the state courts are generally not free to refuse enforcement of the federal claim. Testa v. Katt, supra, 394, 91 L.Ed. 967, 67 S.Ct. 810, 172 A.L.R. 225.
The policy enunciated in the footnote in Martinez was re-stated in the following footnote contained in Maine v. Thiboutot, 448 U.S. 1, 100 S.Ct. 2502, 65 L.Ed. 2d 555 (1980):
Petitioners also argue that jurisdiction to hear Section 1983 claims rests exclusively with the federal courts. Any doubt that state courts may also entertain such actions was dispelled by Martinez v. California, 444 U.S. 277, 283-284, n 7, 62 L.Ed. 2d 481, 100 S.Ct. 553 (1980). There, while reserving the question whether state courts are obligated to entertain Section 1983 actions, we held that Congress has not barred them from doing so.
See also Jones v. City of Greensboro, 51 N.C. App. 571, 277 S.E. 2d 562 (1981), and Williams v. Greene, 36 N.C. App. 80, 243 S.E. 2d 156, rev. denied, 295 N.C. 471, 246 S.E. 2d 12 (1978), cases where our appellate courts have recognized that our courts have such concurrent jurisdiction over Section 1983 claims. Recognizing such general subject matter jurisdiction does not, however, reach the dispositive issue presented in this appeal.
In their argument before the trial court, as here, defendants asserted that plaintiffs’ complaints show on their respective faces that an administrative remedy for their wrongful discharge is not only available under North Carolina law, but also show that plaintiffs have availed themselves of such remedy and that plaintiffs had not exhausted such remedy when they instituted the action under review by us. Defendants, in their argument before the trial court, and here, insisted that unless and until plaintiffs can show that they have, in fact, exhausted their state administrative remedy, the superior court cannot have subject matter jurisdic
Parratt involved a claim brought, pursuant to Section 1983, by an inmate in the Nebraska penal system, in which the inmate alleged that he had been deprived of his property (a hobby kit ordered through the mail) when it was negligently lost or misplaced by prison officials, without due process of law. The inmate brought his suit in the United States District Court, which entered summary judgment for the inmate. The Supreme Court reversed, holding, in essence, that the inmate had failed to state a claim for relief under Section 1983 on the basis that the negligent deprivation of his property was not without due process because he had available to him a tort action in the Nebraska courts under Nebraska law. Thus, whatever else Parratt stands for, it is limited to negligent acts of State officials and it was before the Court on summary judgment, not a subject matter jurisdiction motion.
While we have not been able to determine the procedural context in which Patsy reached the Court, the majority, concurring, and dissenting opinions in Patsy, and in Parratt, as well, trace the history and development of Section 1983 law in such a
“[i]t is abundantly clear that one reason the legislation was passed was to afford a federal right in federal courts because, by reason of prejudice, passion, neglect, intolerance or otherwise, state laws might not be enforced and the claims of citizens to the enjoyment of rights, privileges and immunities guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment might be denied by the State agencies.”
See also Haring v. Prosise, --— U.S. --—, —-- S.Ct. --—, --— L.Ed. 2d --- (13 June 1983).
We recognize, therefore, that plaintiffs in this case had a choice of forums in which to bring their Section 1983 actions: the federal courts, or the North Carolina courts. In the federal courts, it is obvious that at the Rule 12(b)(1) stage, plaintiffs would have been able to survive the hurdle of exhaustion of state administrative remedies. Under North Carolina law, however, their problem is quite different. The opinion of our Supreme Court in Presnell v. Pell, 298 N.C. 715, 260 S.E. 2d 611 (1979), controls our decision here and compels us to affirm the judgments below. Presnell, a remarkably analagous case, clearly holds to the long-established North Carolina rule that “where the legislature has provided by statute an effective administrative remedy, that remedy is exclusive and its relief must be exhausted before recourse may be had to the courts.” Presnell involved an action for wrongful discharge from employment by the Surry County Board of Education. Defendants moved to dismiss plaintiffs wrongful discharge claim and under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The trial court allowed the motions, and our Supreme Court affirmed because the complaint showed on its face that the plaintiff had not exhausted her administrative
For the reason stated, the judgment of the trial court in each of these cases is
Affirmed.
. It is also clear from Judge Hairston’s remarks that although he considered Parratt to be controlling in these cases, he perceived that the effect of Parratt was to convince him that plaintiffs had failed to “state a cause of action under Section 1983,” that plaintiffs “simply have a case which doesn’t come under Section 1983,” “that this is simply not a violation of civil rights, as long as the State has provided an adequate remedy for them which in fact they are pursuing.” Thus, it would appear that the trial court resorted to principles of Rule 12(b)(6) law, ie., failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, in ruling on defendants' Rule 12(b)(1) subject matter motion.