16 Gratt. 295 | Va. | 1862
delivered the opinion of the court.
The principal question to be decided in this case is, as to the sufficiency of the excuse for not giving oyer of the writing obligatory on which the action is founded. The declaration, or rather the amended declaration which is regarded as the commencement of the pleadings in the case, made no profert, but the defendant craved oyer, of the said writing obligatory; according to the provision in the Code, chap. 171, sec. 9, which makes it unnecessary in any action to make profert of any deed, but declares that a defendant majr have oyer in like manner as if profert were made. The excuse for not giving oyer is in these words :
To this excuse there was a demurrer which the court sustained, and the plaintiff waiving the leave granted him to plead any further excuse, judgment was rendered for the defendant.
It was a general rule of the common law that where a party in pleading claimed or justified under a deed and was presumed to have it in his possession, he was bound to make profert of it, or a sufficient excuse for not doing so. 1 Chit. pi. 365. The rule had its origin in the solemnity attending the execution of deeds, and the dignity formerly attached to such instruments. One reason assigned for the rule was, that the court might be enabled by inspection to judge of the sufficiency of the deed. Another was, to enable the adverse party to have oyer of it and better make his answer or defence. Stephens in his work on pleadings, p. 441, assigns a different one from these, which, as he says, have long since become obsolete though in practice profert was still continued to be made.
Whatever may have been the origin or reason of the rule, it had long been considered in England as matter of form and not of substance, the statute 4 Anne, c. 16 ^having expressly declared that the omission of profert should be ground only of special demurrer, 1 Chit, pi. 641; until, at length in 1852, it was altogether abolished by 15 and 16 Viet. c. 76, $ 55, which provides that “it shall not be necessary to make profert of any deed or other document mentioned or relied on in any pleading; and if profert shall be made it shall not entitle the opposite party to crave oyer of, or set out upon oyer, such deed or other document. ” 3 Rob. Prac. 507. Our Code, enacted a few years before, did not go so far; but only dispensed with the necessity of making profert, while it retained the right of craving oyer in like manner, as if profert were made.
So that now, when a party craves oyer of a deed under which his adversary claims or justifies, the latter must produce it, or give a sufficient excuse for not doing so; and the question as to the sufficiency of the excuse for not giving oyer is precisely the same as was the question formerly as to the sufficiency of the excuse for not making profert. The question to be considered in this case therefore is, whether the excuse made for not giving oyer is sufficient according to the settled principles of law in regard to profert.
An excuse which, from a very early period was allowed as sufficient was, when the deed had been pleaded and remained in another court. A deed was supposed to remain in court during all the term at which it was pleaded, but no longer; unless the opposite party during that term plead in denial of it; in which case it was supposed to remain in court till the action was determined. Steph. 88. Another excuse allowed from a very early period was, when the deed was in the hands of the adverse party, or had been destroyed by him. It was at one time doubted whether the loss of a deed was a good excuse for not making profert; and the jurisdiction of equity in such cases is founded on the idea which ^formerly existed that there was no remedy at law. But in Read v. Brookman, 3 T. R. 151, it was held by the court of King’s Bench that it was a sufficient excuse for not making profert of a deed that it was “lost and destroyed by time and accident.” This is a leading case on the subject, and placed it on the true ground, which is that the law compels no one to do an impossibility. Indeed Lord Coke had placed it on the same’ ground in assigning as a reason why a deed remaining in one court may be pleaded in another, without shewing forth, quia lex non cogit ad impossibilia. Where-ever therefore a partjr cannot produce a deed, at least unless his inability proceed from his own wilful act, he is not bound to give oyer of it. We regard this as a true test, though we do not mean to say it is the only one.
Let us apply this plain and simple test to the present case, and see whether according to it the excuse here given is sufficient. The formula of stating the excuse in the approved precedents of pleading is very general; as, that the deed has been lost or destroyed by accident; or, that it is in the possession of the defendant, &c. ; and that therefore, the plaintiff cannot produce the same to the court. 1 Chit. Pl. 349; 2 Id. 439; Steph. 441. In this case the excuse is stated very fully and formally, and the substance of it is; that the original bond on which the action was brought was then on file in the Circuit court of the United States for the county of Washington in the District of Columbia; that the plaintiff had applied to the said court since the institution of this for said bond; that said application was opposed by the defendant; and the court therefore refused to deliver the bond to the plaintiff; and so it was impossible for the plaintiff to produce it after the use of all the means in his power to do so. This excuse comes fully up to the requisition of the test before stated, and not only shows an impossibility on the part *of the plaintiff to produce the deed, but that such impossibility has been occasioned by the act of the defendant himself, who, by demurring to the excuse, ad
It is not necessary for the excuse to show that the part}1- making it is entitled to the custody of the deed, but on the contrary that he is not so entitled, or is otherwise unable to produce the deed. Nor is it necessary for the excuse to show that the plaintiff is entitled to recover the money mentioned in the deed and claimed in the action. The right to such recovery must be tried under the general issue or some other issue directly made up -for the purpose; and not in a collateral enquiry, the only object of which is to ascertain whether oyer ought to be given of the deed. It is supposed that a defendant who craves oyer desires to have it, and will himself do nothing to prevent his having it. His object in craving it is, to be better able to make his defence after he gets it, and not to make his defence in the act of craving it.
An excuse for not producing a deed may be made in the declaration, or it may be made in another form after oyer is craved by the defendant. . Suppose the declaration contains neither proferí nor any excuse for not.making it, and the defendant - appears at rules when the declaration is filed and craves oyer, as he did in this case; what ought then to be the course of proceeding? Ought oyer to be given or a good excuse for not giving it made before the defendant is required to plead? or may the clerk proceed, as he did in this case, to mature it for trial at the next term by giving a rule to plead, and entering a judgment in the office by nil dicit? If the original deed be filed with the declaration, as is generally the case, the defendant should at once take oyer of it and demur or plead at his election; but if the deed be not so filed, and the defendant will not "plead without ojrer, the clerk may properly take the rules, as he did in this case, without regard to the craving of oyer, so that the case may be ready to be disposed of at the next term of the court unless there be good cause for a continuance. If an excuse for not giving oyer can be made at rules its sufficiency can only be determined by the court, and there is no reason for making it until the next term of the court after oyer is craved.
But it was argued by the counsel for the defendant in error that though the excuse in this case be sufficient, the demurrer thereto goes back to the declaration, which is faulty, and the judgment should therefore for the defendant.
It is true as a general rule that on demurrer the court will consider the whole record, and give judgment for the party who, on the whole, appears to be entitled to it. But to this rule there are exceptions; as when the plaintiff demurs to a plea in abatement, in which case the court, deciding against the plea will give judgment |of respondeat ouster, without regard to any defect in the declaration. So the court, in examining the whole record to adjudge according to the apparent right, will consider only the right in matter of substance, and not in respect of mere form, such as should have been the subject of special demurrer. Steph. 162-4.- We think that this case also is an exception, and that in deciding on the demurrer to the excuse the court ought not to go back to the declaration. The excuse is a mere collateral matter, certainly standing on no higher ground than matter of abatement. The law prescribes no mode of making it. It may be made as well ore tenus as in writing. And the objection to it may be made as well orally as by a formal demurrer. If made orally, the objection would of course not reach back to the declaration and make it necessary for the court to pass upon its "sufficiency.
It can have no such effect if made formally by demurrer. There can be no legal difficulty, and generally no inconvenience, in presenting the question on both sides ore tenus. It is a question for the court to decide, (unless an issue of fact be made up thereon for the jury), and may be disposed of by its rules and orders like any other collateral question coming up for its decision in the course of legal proceedings before it. The case is analogous to a proceeding to enforce the production of an instrument not under seal on which an action or defence may be founded and which the court may require to be produced for the inspection of the adverse party. 3 Chit. Gen. Prac. 433, 619; 2 Arch. Prac. 219. An error of the court in deciding the question when it comes up orally would be liable to review and correction by an appellate court, as well as when it comes up formally by written excuse and demurrer. In the former case the point could be put upon the record by a bill of exceptions. In the-latter it would be put there by the pleadings,, and the decision of the court thereon which would be entered in the order book.
Even if the demurrer to the excuse operated as a demurrer . to the declaration it would be to the whole declaration, and not to each count severally. As the craving of oyer and excuse go to the whole, so also-must the demurrer to the excuse, if it goes to the declaration at all; according to the principle of the case of Ward v. Sackride, 3 Caine’s Rep. 263, referred to in 1 Rob. Pr. (old) 290. That principle is, that a. demurrer by the plaintiff to the defendant’s, plea cannot operate as a demurrer by the defendant to the plaintiff’s declaration to any greater or less extent than the plea of the defendant was pleaded to the declaration. If therefore a declaration contain two counts the first of which is confessedly bad, and the plea of the defendant is to the whole cause of action, extending as well to-the first "count as to the second; upon a demurrer by the plaintiff to this plea, judgment cannot be given for the defendant upon the ground that the first count is bad. In this view of the case we would have to consider it as upon a demurrer to the whole declaration; and we must so consider it, because there was a demurrer to the declaration which was not decided upon by the Circuit court otherwise tham
It is a general demurrer, and indeed could not have been otherwise, the action having been brought since the enactment of the Code which abolished special demurrers. And it is a demurrer to the whole declaration, and must therefore be overruled if either count be good. We think both counts are good, at least in substance.
As to the first count; a formal objection is taken to it which would be unavailing if well founded, to wit: that it sets out the cause of action by way of recital. But it is not even well founded. The quod cum, as it was called, might always have been used, and generally was, in actions ex contractu, though not in actions of trespass. But the chief objection taken to the first count is, that it does not aver performance of a condition precedent, to wit: that the plaintiff’s testator was first duly authorized to receive the amount demanded in the action. This condition precedent is supposed to be created by the use of these words in parenthesis, “(they being first duly authorized to receive the said amount),” which follow the agreement to secure on real estate the several sums of money to the several parties mentioned in the instrument.
In deciding upon the demurrer we *must construe the instrument by itself, and cannot look to the cases in 4 Peters 205, 9 Id. 418, and 12 Id. 145, or any thing else dehors the instrument, for explanation. So construing it, the words in parenthesis are insensible, and cannot affect the obligation of the express promise to pay the money. They must be treated and rejected as surplusage. An obligation is construed most strongly against the obligor. He must take care to use intelligible words to express any condition precedent he may wish to impose on his obligation. Of course, the obligee is duly authorized to receive a sum of mone3r which the obligor expressly promises to pay him; there being nothing in the instrument to show how or by whom the obligee is to be otherwise duly authorized. If the words can derive such explanation from the light of extrinsic facts as would give them effect, it devolves on the obligor to allege and prove the facts in his defence. The shifting of the burden of allegation and of proof is the only consequence of his neglect to express his intention plainly, provided he has so expressed it as that, with the aid of extrinsic facts any effect at all can be given to it. The instrument is not a deed inter partes between Lloyd and Schofield. The latter is not a party to it, and his name is not so mentioned therein as to show that he has any interest in it.
As to the second count, the only objection taken to it is that it does not sufficiently aver performance of the condition precedent, supposing the words in question to create one. It avers such performance in the very words of the condition, to-wit: that the plaintiff “is duly authorized to receive” of the said John Lloyd the said sum of $1100 with interest thereon as aforesaid. It is a general rule that a breach of a covenant or other contract may be assigned in the very words of the contract. 3 Rob. Prac. 590-597, 4 Id. 8. And that is generally the best and safest mode of assigning it. In
Martyn v. *Clue, 83 Eng. C. L. R. 681, Lord Campbell said, in answer to an objection to an assignment of this kind, 1 ‘Ho authority was cited to show that an allegation of the breach following the words of the covenant was insufficient; and we find no principle for so holding. The defendant must be taken to have understood the application of the covenant he chose to make.” A breach need not be assigned in the words of a covenant, but may be assigned in equivalent words; as in Eletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranck’s R. 87, 127, cited in 3 Rob. Pr. and 4 Id. 6, where it was objected to the declaration that the covenant was that the legislature had a right to convey, and the breach was that the legislature had no authority to convey. Marshall, C. J., said: “It is enough that the words of the assignment show unequivocally a substantial breach. The assignment under consideration does show such a breach. If the legislature had no authority to convey, it had no right to convey.” Generally the same rules which apply to an assignment of breaches also apply to an averment of performance of a condition precedent. If there be any difference the rules which apply to the latter are less stringent than those which apply to the former. The courts, especially in England, have gone very far in sustaining the sufficiency of averments of performance of conditions precedent. 3 Rob. Prac. 571, 578.
It is true that it is sometimes insufficient to follow the words of the contract, but it is necessary to be more specific. And it is also true that there are cases which decide that the declaration should not present for the determination of the jury what is matter of law; or partly of law and partly of fact; as that a party was duly appointed administrator; or was duly appointed receiver; but it should state what in particular was done; so that if the fact be admitted, the court can determine whether he was duly appointed; or, if issue be joined on the allegation, the jury can answer as to its truth. 3 Rob. Prac. 530 and the cases cited.
*But whether or not, according to the strict and technical rules of pleading, the averment, being in the very words of the deed, is sufficient; or should have been more specific; or should have been only of matter of fact; certainly the defect, if there be one, is only of form and not of substance, and, since special demurrers have been abolished, is not now ground of demurrer. The Code, ch. 171, § 31, provides
We are therefore of opinion that the words in parenthesis do not create a condition precedent, the performance of which it is necessary for the declaration to aver, and therefore the first count is good; and if they did, that performance of the condition precedent is sufficiently averred in the second count, which is therefore good; and one, if not both, of the counts being certainly good, the demurrer to the declaration cannot be sustained.
The result of the foregoing opinion is that the judgment must be reversed, the excuse for not giving oyer sustained, the demurrer thereto overruled, and the defendant required to answer without having oyer.
Judgment reversed.
