68 Cal. 194 | Cal. | 1885
— Reporters are, by virtue of statute, appointed by the several judges of the Superior Courts, and in the matter of their compensation the legislature passed an act for its regulation, which was approved on the 21st of March, 1885. (Stat. of 1885, p. 218.) The act referred to is an amendment of section 274, Code of Civil Procedure. By the provisions' of this act the counties of the state are divided into ten classes,' according to population, and the compensation of the official reporter for his services is to be by a monthly salary to be fixed by the judge, by an order duly entered on the minutes of the court, which salary is to be paid out of the treasury of the county, in the same manner and at the same time as the salary of county officers. The act further provides that the monthly salary to be fixed as above shall not exceed a certain amount specified for each class; as, for instance, in counties having a population of one hundred thousand and over, which constitute the first class, the monthly salary shall not exceed $300; in counties having a population of less than one hundred thousand and exceeding fifty thousand, said salary is not to exceed $275. The sum which the salary shall not exceed becomes smaller in proportion to the smaller population of each class. The city and county of San Francisco is of the first class, and the monthly salary of the official reporter in such city and county is not to exceed $300.
The language of the act on which the question for decision depends is as follows:—
“The official reporter shall receive, as compensation for his services, a monthly salary to be fixed by the judge, by an order duly entered on the minutes of the court,*196 which salary shall be paid out of the treasury of the county, in the same manner and at the same time as the salaries of county officers.”
It is urged that this act provides a mode of fixing a salary of an officer which is violative of the constitution, in this: that the fixing of the salary in the mode provided would be the exercise of a legislative power.
Now, what is the judge empowered by the words above quoted to do? As we understand it, it is to fix a salary in advance of service by the officer, not exceeding a certain sum per month, to be paid monthly, the salary so fixed to continue until the court shall make an order changing it, and be paid every month during its continuance, though in consequence of a vacation of the court no service is rendered.
The power is not to determine the value of services already rendered during a month, and to fix the amount of every monthly payment as compensation for services rendered with reference to the value so determined, not exceeding the limits prescribed by the act.
It is prescribed by the first section of article 3 of the constitution of this state that “the powers of the government of the state of California shall be divided into three separate departments, the legislative, executive, and judicial; and no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any functions appertaining to either of the others, except as in this constitution expressly directed or permitted.”
Is the performance of the act devolved by the section of the statute above quoted on the judge of the Superior Court, by such judge, a legislative or judicial act? Such is the point presented for our determination. j What constitutes the distinction between a legislative land judicial act? The former establishes a rule regulating and governing in matters or transactions occurring after its passage. The other determines rights or obliga
“The distinction,” says the learned justice, “between a judicial and a legislative act is well defined. The one ■determines what the law is, and what the rights of parties are, with reference to transactions already had; the other provides what the law shall be in future cases arising under it. Wherever an act undertakes to determine a question of right or obligation, or of property, as the foundation on which it proceeds, such act is to that extent a judicial one, and not the proper exercise of legislative functions.” (99 U. S. 761.)
The foregoing remarks are then forcibly illustrated by reference to the cases, one (Lane v. Doe, ex dem. Dorman, 3 Scam. 238) decided by the Supreme Court of Illinois, and the other (Jones v. Perry, 10 Yerg. 59) by the Su
Tested by the. foregoing, we are of opinion that the fixing of the salary of a .reporter by the judge in advance of services rendered, to be paid to him monthly, such salary to continue until changed by the order of the judge, and to be paid where, as in the recess of the court, no services are rendered, would be an exercise of legislative power. In doing this, the judge would be determining no right or obligation pertaining to person or property on facts already existing, but would be laying down a rule to be applied to a case the facts of which must after-wards transpire. As this would be an exercise of legislative power not expressly directed or permitted by the constitution to a court or judicial officer, the act must be declared unconstitutional.
The act of 1885 amending section 274Code of Civil Procedure, is different from the section as it stood béfore amended. Under the section as it stood before it was
The order made by the judge in this case, it seems to us, is not in accord with either the amended or unamended section. The order in this case did not fix the salary to be paid monthly. It fixes the compensation of Smith, the petitioner, for two days (the thirtieth and thirty-first days of March, 1885) at $9.50 per day. This is not an allowance of a monthly salary, as required by the act of 1885, and it differs from the section prior to its amendment because it is fixed with a view to be paid out of the county treasury, and not by the parties as the act stood before amendment.
We find no error.
Judgment affirmed.
Myrick, J., Morrison, C. J., McKee, J., and Sharp-stein, J., concurred.