60 Mass. 513 | Mass. | 1850
In this case, the plaintiff alleged, that a suit was pending in a court in the state of Maine, in favor of the firm of Freeman, Trott, and company, of which firm the defendant was a partner, as plaintiffs, against the plaintiff as defendant. During the pendency of that suit, an arrangement was made and entered into between the present plaintiff, Smith, and Palmer, the present defendant, by which, for a consideration paid by Smith, Palmer undertook and promised him to cause the action to be discontinued on the docket of the court in Maine, and that the same should not be further prosecuted against Smith, but should be discharged.
It was further alleged, by the plaintiff, that Palmer wholly failed to fulfil his engagement by having the action discontinued ; but on the contrary, prosecuted the same, and obtained judgment and execution therein, and that Smith had been compelled to pay the amount thereof.
This suit was instituted by the plaintiff, to obtain redress for the injury he has sustained, by the failure of Palmer to perform the contract above mentioned.
The original action was in assumpsit, containing the common counts, and an account annexed for an order, matches, and money furnished to the defendant, which articles formed the consideration of the contract made by Palmer. After the entry of the action, the plaintiff asked leave to file a special count on the contract, to enable him to recover damages for the breach of the contract, on the part of the defendant. The defendant objected to the allowance of this special count, on the ground, that it was for a new cause of action, and therefore inadmissible as an amendment. The presiding judge overruled the objection, and permitted the new count to be filed ; and the first exception taken is to this ruling.
It is maintained, that this new count was inadmissible, be
The question, what shall be considered a new cause of action, is one which has very frequently arisen in the course of practice, and discussions of it may be found, from time to time, in various volumes of our reports, and the rule by which the question is to be determined is very well defined and clearly settled by adjudged cases. In the case of Ball v. Claflin, 5 Pick. 303, the original counts were for goods sold and delivered by the plaintiff to the defendant, and for money had and received. The action was commenced in the court of common pleas, and after it came up to this court, the plaintiff was per- , fitted to amend by filing two new counts, charging the defendant with having received merchandise and promissory notes from the plaintiff, as bailiff or factor, and with not having rendered an account thereof.
There was a marked difference between the two sets of rounts, as they appeared upon the record, and the evidence to support them would be widely different; the first count being for goods sold and delivered, and the new counts for goods consigned for sale and for which defendant had not accounted. But the court held, that the new counts, though they stated a claim widely different from that stated in the first count, were not for a new cause of action, because the same goods and merchandise, which were the subject of the first count, were also the subject of the new counts, and that all the several counts were only different modes of stating the plaintiff’s claim growing out of the same transaction.
So in the case of Swan v. Nesmith, 7 Pick. 220, the original counts were for a balance of account, for money had and
The doctrine clearly established by these decisions is, that new counts are not to be regarded as for a new cause of action, when the plaintiff in all the counts attempts to assert rights and enforce claims growing out of the same transaction, act, agreement, or contract.; however great may be the difference in the form of liability, as contained in the new counts, from that stated in the original counts.
Applying this principle and rule to the present case, and it is quite plain, that the amendment by adding the new count was properly admitted. All the counts, new and old, are designed to assert rights and enforce claims growing out of the same transaction. The plaintiff’ seeks, in all the counts, to obtain redress for a breach of the same contract, for a failure to perform one and the same agreement; and though the different counts state the liability in a different form, yet substantially and in legal contemplation they are all for the same cause of action; they are all founded on a failure to perform the same contract.
The doctrine maintained by the defendant’s counsel, and the authorities cited, are no doubt correct, but do not apply to the case. The case of Sheldon v. Frink, 12 Pick. 569, was an attempt to prove a record by parol, by a witness on the stand. But this evidence was most properly rejected. A record cannot be proved by parol, by a witness on the stand; nor can the contents of any paper be proved, without the production of the paper, if the paper can be produced.
But this doctrine does not apply to the present case. This is a case of the admission of a party, and the admission of a party stands on distinct grounds. The admissions of a party are not open to the same objection which belongs tc parol evidence from other sources. A party’s own statements and admissions are, in all cases, admissible in evidence against him, though such statements and admissions may involve what
The general principle, as to the production of written evidence as the best evidence, does not apply to the admissions of parties; as what a party admits against himself may reasonably be taken to be true. The weight and value of the statements and admissions will vary according to the circumstances and must be determined by the jury. The ruling of the judge in the court below on this point is well supported by the au ■ thorities. See the case of Slatterie v. Pooley, 6 M. & W. 664, where the distinction between the admissions of parties, and parol statements from other sources, as to written instruments, is fully explained and supported. The general doctrine is also found in 1 Greenl. Ev. §§ 96, 97, and cases there cited. In the present case, the principal fact was, that the defendant had not performed his contract, in regard to which there could be no doubt that his admission would be important evidence, and the execution reciting the judgment assigned by the defendant himself was produced, in connection with the admissions and statements of the defendant.
The defendant further requested the judge to rule, that the suit on the special count could not be maintained, because it was to recover back money paid on a judgment, by impeaching the judgment collaterally.
The judge declined so to rule, but did rule, that if the contract and breach were proved, the plaintiff was entitled to recover. Of the correctness of this ruling there can be no doubt. The action was on the contract, and if the contract was proved and the breach of it, the recovery was for the breach of the contract, and not to recover back money paid on the judgment, though that might affect the amount of damages.
Exceptions overruled.
The statutes of 1851, c. 233, § 43, a.’.d 1852, c. 312, § 33, declare, that “the cause of action shall be deemed to be the same for which the action was brought, when it shall be made to appear to the court, that in point of fact it is the cause of action relied on by the plaintiff when the action was' commenced, however the same may be misdescribed.”