83 A.D.2d 199 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1981
OPINION OF THE COURT
In 1972 plaintiff, an employee of third-party defendant Steel Contracting Corp., was injured during the course of his employment when he fell while repairing the roof of a building owned by defendant Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation. He thereafter brought this action against defendant seeking damages in causes of action based on common-law negligence, violations of sections 200, 240, 241 of the Labor Law and the rules of the Board of Standards and Appeals, and breach of express and implied warranties by defendant that the premises were safe.
The differences between partial indemnity, also known as apportionment or contribution, and true indemnity, are familiar, but since the employer seeks both from plaintiff by its proposed amendment, it will be helpful to review them briefly. Contribution or apportionment involves a determination of relative responsibility in which the respective fault of two or more defendants is determined by reviewing the contribution of each to the damage sustained. Once the tort-feasors’ relative responsibilities are determined, each pays his ratable portion of the total damages. By contrast, true or full indemnity does not involve apportioning the wrong, but rather a shifting of the entire burden by defendant to another. It rests upon the premise that one party has been compelled to pay money
Turning to the case at hand, the employer may not amend his answer to assert a cross claim for contribution or apportionment from plaintiff because plaintiff’s fault is a matter of defense or mitigation which must be determined in the primary action. The employer may litigate plaintiff’s fault there, without the necessity of impleader even though it is a third-party defendant, because it has all the rights of an adverse party and it may assert defenses in the primary action just as defendant may (CPLR 1008). The holding in Dole (Dole v Dow Chem. Co., 30 NY2d 143) does not suggest otherwise. In Dole the court formulated a method for determining relative responsibility and permitted the method to be applied to pending cases involving prior accidents, but its ruling applies only to evaluating the conduct of defendants inter sese (see Graphic Arts Mut. Ins. Co. v Bakers Mut. Ins. Co. of N. Y., 45 NY2d 551, 557). It does not permit a third-party defendant to implead a plaintiff (but see Moreno v Galdorisi, 39 AD2d 450). In this pre-1975 case, plaintiff’s contributory negligence is a complete defense, of course, and the question of apportionment will not arise if plaintiff’s contributing fault is established, because a verdict against plaintiff will require dismissal of the third-party action.
Neither may third-party defendant seek full indemnity from plaintiff. The right to indemnity is predicated either on a duty assumed expressly by contract, and that is not alleged here, or on the quasi contract theory of unjust enrichment (see Restatement, Restitution, §76; Oceanic Steam Nav. Co. v Compania Transatlantica Espanola, 134 NY 461, 467-468). As noted earlier, the indemnity cross claim shifts the duty to pay in full from one joint tort-feasor
It is contended that plaintiff may have been guilty of negligence contributing to his damage that will not be considered in the main action because absolute liability may be imposed upon Hooker and the employer under various provisions of the Labor Law (see Evans v Nab Constr. Corp., 80 AD2d 841; Rea v Elia Bldg. Co., 79 AD2d 1102; Long v Murnane Assoc., 68 AD2d 166, mot for lv to app dsmd 48 NY2d 776; Yearke v Zarcone, 57 AD2d 457, mot for lv to app den 43 NY2d 643). Plaintiff may indeed recover in the causes of action based on the statute, his fault notwithstanding. Nevertheless, the employer may not cross-claim against him seeking indemnity, because public policy prohibits it. The Labor Law was enacted to protect workmen (see Sarnoff v Charles Schad, Inc., 22 NY2d 180, 185-186; Koenig v Patrick Constr. Corp., 298 NY 313, 318-319). To that end, certain sections of it have
The Mauro and Schwartz decisions (Mauro v McCrindle, 70 AD2d 77, supra; Schwartz v Lipkin & Son, 76 AD2d 141, supra) are consistent with this analysis. Relief in those cases was based upon the established rule which permits one vicariously liable to recover indemnity from the actual wrongdoer (see, generally, 1 NY PJI2d 615-616). Thus, in Mauro the property owner was liable only because he had suffered inherently dangerous work to be performed near a public thoroughfare. He was permitted to seek indemnity from an employee of a subcontractor, therefore, who, for purposes of the appeal, conceded that he was personally negligent and that his negligence proximately caused plaintiff’s injuries. The principal issue in the case was not so much the recognized right of one vicariously liable to seek indemnity from the primary tort-feasor, although that rule was upheld, but whether the property owner could sue the employee of the contractor (not the plaintiff) directly for this relief or was obliged to sue his employer.
Schwartz (supra) was an action in which plaintiff wife had been a passenger in an automobile owned by defendant, her husband’s employer, and driven by her husband at the time it was involved in an accident. The employer owner’s liability was vicarious only and therefore it was permitted to implead the primary tort-feasor, plaintiff’s husband, seeking indemnity. Pertinent also to the case was the issue whether the owner’s insurer could seek indemnity from the husband, also a named insured, in view of the exclusion of section 167 of the Insurance Law, permitting
Both cases differ from this in that they involved vicarious liability.
The order should be affirmed.
Dillon, P. J., Doerr, Moule and Schnepp, JJ., concur.
Order unanimously affirmed, with costs.
The warranty causes of action allege wrongs by defendant Hooker only and would not be the basis for liability over.
