Smith v. Gaffard, 31 Ala. 45

31 Ala. 45 | Ala. | 1857

"WALKER, J.

— The complaint claims damages for the false charge of a want of chastity against the plaintiff, by speaking certain words. Those words attribute to the plaintiff past pregnancy, the having had a child, and a miscarriage; and some of them charge, “that she had taken something to make her lose” a child. The declaration avers, that she is an unmarried woman; but not that she was, either at the time of or before the pregnancy, unmarried. The complaint does not negative the cover-ture of the plaintiff at such a time as to make the pregnancy charged an imputation upon her chastity.

That the plaintiff was an infant, and unmarried, at the commencement of the suit, renders it probable that she had never been married; but the rule which construes most strongly against the pleader, forbids us to regard a mere probability of the existence of a fact, as an averment in pleading. Everything in the complaint may be true, and yet the words of the defendant may make no imputation against the plaintiff’s chastity. The words do not, of themselves, imply the accusation of a want of chastity. They would only imply such an accusation, when referred to the absence of marriage at a certain time, which is not shown in the complaint.

The Code (§ 2220) makes words falsely impugning female chastity actionable y>er se. It dispenses (§ 2229) with the colloquium and innuendo, and prescribes that “it is sufficient to state in the complaint that the defendant falsely and maliciously charged the plaintiff with perjury, larceny, or other crime, as the case may be, in substance as follows, setting it out.” It also lays down a form of complaint for verbal slander, which, conforms to section 2229. We do not understand either section 2229, or the foxun made in conformity to it, as dispensing with the necessity of showing by averments that the words spoken impute a want of chastity. If they do not, except when referred to some extrinsic fact, such fact must be averred; and it cannot be sufficient, in the absence of such averment, for the pleader simply to state that the defendant charged the plaintiff with a want of chastity, by speaking those words. Such a statement is a conclusion of the pleader, not authorized by the words. It may be authorized by the words, in connection with some other fact; but we cannot maintain the pleading by inferring the existence of facts which will authorize the pleader’s conclusion.

Our decisions, that the necessity of averring title in an action to recover personal property is dispensed with in the Code, have no application here. — Pickens v. Oliver, 29 Ala. 528; Crimm v. Crawford, 29 Ala. 623. Those decisions are made in reference to a form which contains no averment of title.

2. It remains for us to consider the question, whether words which charge the procurement of an abortion are, per se, actionable. Those words are as follows : “I suppose Caroline was with child, and took something to make her lose it.” If it be conceded that these words impute to the plaintiff the intentional production of an abortion by the taking of a drug under circumstances not allowed by the law, they, are not, of themselves, actionable. Words, not imputing a want of chastity to a female, are only actionable, when they charge the commission of an offense indictable by law, and drawing after it an infamous punishment, or involving moral turpitude. — Hillhouse v. Peck, 2 Stew. & Por. 395; Perdue v. Burnett, Minor, 138; Dudley v. Horn and Wife, 21 Ala. 379 ; Berry v. Carter, 4 Stew. & Por. 387. It is decided in New York, that the procurement of an abortion, under circumstances not allowed by law, is an offense involving moral turpitude. — Bissell v. Cornell, 24 Wend. 354. We adopt that decision, as a correct statement of the law. After the concessions heretofore made for the sake of the argument, it is a sequence from the adoption of the New York decision, that the words are actionable, per se, if they impute an indictable crime. The Code (§ 3230) provides, that any person, who willfully administers to any pregnant woman any drug or substance, to procure her miscarriage, unless the same is necessary to preserve her life, and done for that purpose, must, on conviction, be fined not more than five hundred dollars, and imprisoned not less than three, nor more than twelve months.” This statute reaches and provides for the punishment of him who administers the drug, who directs or causes it to be taken, but not the woman who herself takes it. At common law, the production of a miscarriage was a punishable offense, provided the mother was at the time “quick with child.” — 1 Bla. Com.-129-30. This principle is thoroughly discussed, in reference to the authorities, in the case of The State v. Cooper, 2 Zabriskie’s (N. J.) R. 52. To that decision, and the authorities cited in it, we refer, for a full vindication of the principle. See, also, Commonwealth v. Banks, 9 Mass. 388; Same v. Parker, 9 Met. 263. In this case, it does not appear from the words themselves, nor from any part of the complaint, that the imputation of an abortion, procured when the woman was “quick witli child,” was conveyed, or intended to be conveyed. Unless the words convey that imputation, or were intended to convey that imputation, they do not charge an offense punishable by law under indictment, and, therefore, are not, per se, actionable.

The judgment of the court below is affirmed..

BICE, C. J.

— A count in slander, framed upon words which are incapable of an actionable meaning, is defective, as well under the Code, as under the common law. — Kirksey v. Fike, 29 Ala. 206, and authorities cited. Whether the words are capable of an actionable meaning, is the first question to be settled. If they are, then arises the second question for determination, to-wit, whether their actionable quality is sufficiently disclosed by the count. The first question is settled in the affirmative, by section 2220 of the Code, which provides, that “any words, written, spoken or printed, of any female, married or unmarried, falsely imputing to her a want of chastity, , are actionable, without proof of special damages.” The common law does not furnish the rule for determining the second question. That law, so far as it might have had any bearing on that question, is repealed by the Code. — Commonwealth v. Cooley, 10 Pick. R. 37. The provisions of sections 2228 and 2229 of the Code, and the form of complaint for verbal slander given in the Code, (page 554,) amount to a complete revision of the former law upon the entire subject of what shall be deemed in this State a sufficient disclosure of the actionable quality of the words set forth in a complaint for slander; and as they amount to such complete revision, they operate as a repeal of the former law upon that particular subject, and furnish the binding rule of decision. — See Commonwealth v. Cooley, supra ; Pickens v. Oliver, 29 Ala. 537.

Section 2229 of the Code not only provides that “no colloquium or innuendo is necessary in actions for defamation,” but goes further, and explicitly declares the new ride of sufficiency in the disclosure of the actionable quality of the words in the complaint. Its language is as follows: \It is sufficient to state in the complaint that defendant falsely and maliciously charged the plaintiff with perjury, larceny, or other crime, as ease may be, in substance as follows, setting it out.”

To prevent all misunderstanding of this new rule, a form of complaint was given in the schedule of forras in the Code, which form is in the following words :

“A. B., plaintiff) r The plaintiff claims of the defend-vs. > ant- dollars, as damages for C. D., defendant.) falsely and maliciously charging the plaintiff with perjury, (larceny, or other crime, as the case may be,) by speaking of and concerning him, in the presence of divers persons, in substance as follows: (here set out the defamatory language,) viz., on the-day of -. “E. E., att’y for plaintiff.”

Ancl then, “to make assurance doubly sure,” section 2228 of the Code contains the following general rule, to-wit, “Any pleading, which conforms substantially to the schedule of forms attached to this part, is sufficient.”

I am fully convinced, that the complaint of the plaintiff in the present case “conforms substantially” to the form given in the Code for such cases; and I therefore feel bound to say that it “is sufficient.” To enforce against her the common-law rule as to the sufficiency of the disclosure of the actionable quality of the words in the complaint, is, in my judgment, to enforce a rule which was repealed by the Code, and to deny to her the benefit of the new rule enbodied in the Code. As her complaint “conforms substantially” to the form given in the Code, it is not lawful to make it bad by construing it most strongly against her.

An examination of the forms contained in the Code will show, that the form of a complaint for verbal slander is more full and fair than some of the forms given for complaints in other civil actions, and more full and fair than some of the forms given for indictments for grave offenses ; yet, in all previous cases, we have held substantial conformity to the form given for the particular kind of case, whether civil or criminal, to be sufficient. I intend to adhere to that position.