ANDREA SMITH, Personal Representative of the Estate of Kelly Snider Smith, deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BOTSFORD GENERAL HOSPITAL, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 04-1436
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
Decided and Filed: August 18, 2005
05a0355p.06
Before: GIBBONS and COOK, Circuit Judges; PHILLIPS, District Judge.
RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206. Argued: July 22, 2005. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit. No. 00-71459—Avern Cohn, District Judge.
ARGUED: Robert G. Kamenec, PLUNKETT & COONEY, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, for Appellant. Donald M. Fulkerson, Westland, Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Robert G. Kamenec, PLUNKETT & COONEY, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, Ernest R. Bazzana, PLUNKETT & COONEY, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellant. Donald M. Fulkerson, Westland, Michigan, Geoffrey N. Fieger, FIEGER, FIEGER, KENNEY & JOHNSON, Southfield, Michigan, Marc E. Lipton, LIPTON LAW CENTER, Southfield, Michigan, for Appellee. Gregory W. Moore, HALL, RENDER, KILLIAN, HEATH & LYMAN, Troy, Michigan, David Arkush, Allison M. Zieve, PUBLIC CITIZEN LITIGATION GROUP, Washington, D.C., Jeffrey Robert White, CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL LITIGATION, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae.
OPINION
COOK, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Andrea Smith, personal representative of the estate of Kelly Smith, deceased, brought an action against Defendant Botsford General Hospital, alleging that it violated the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (“EMTALA“) when it failed to
I
Kelly Smith, a 33-year-old man weighing approximately 600 pounds, fractured his left leg during a rollover car accident. Smith was transported to Botsford, where examining doctors diagnosed him as having an open comminuted left femur fracture—a break that causes the bone to pierce the skin. Considering its limited capacity to care for someone Smith‘s size, Botsford decided to transfer him to another hospital. While in the ambulance, Smith‘s condition began to deteriorate, and 21 minutes into the transfer, he died from extensive blood loss.
Plaintiff alleged that Botsford failed to stabilize Smith, as EMTALA requires, before transferring him. Plaintiff‘s witnesses testified that Smith suffered progressive blood loss and that Botsford needed to take additional measures, such as giving Smith a blood transfusion, to stabilize his condition. Botsford, by contrast, presented evidence that it had taken all appropriate steps to and did successfully stabilize Smith before transferring him, that Smith‘s rapid deterioration could not have been anticipated, and that Smith‘s weight and cocaine and alcohol use contributed to his death.
II
“The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act . . . places obligations of screening and stabilization upon hospitals and emergency rooms that receive patients suffering from an ‘emergency medical condition.‘” Roberts v. Galen of Virginia, Inc., 525 U.S. 249, 250 (1999). This case implicates EMTALA‘s stabilization requirements. Specifically, the Act mandates:
(1) In general
If any individual (whether or not eligible for benefits under this subchapter) comes to a hospital and the hospital determines that the individual has an emergency medical condition, the hospital must provide either--
(A) within the staff and facilities available at the hospital, for such further medical examination and such treatment as may be required to stabilize the medical condition, or
(B) for transfer of the individual to another medical facility in accordance with subsection (c) of this section.
A. Expert Testimony
Botsford contends that the district court abused its discretion in striking defense expert Dr. Robert Aranosian‘s testimony. Dr. Aranosian testified during his deposition that Smith died not from hemorrhagic shock and blood loss, but instead from cardiac arrest brought on by eight
The district court decided to address this failure-to-disclose issue by striking entirely Dr. Aranosian‘s testimony. As the court saw it, Dr. Aranosian had “an affirmative obligation . . . to disclose in advance of his deposition [and trial] testimony, that he had personal knowledge, even if it was second hand,” and striking only the references to chronic alcoholism would not suffice to remedy the breach of this obligation. The court further found striking Dr. Aranosian‘s testimony “not fundamentally unfair” to Botsford‘s case, given that the testimony was “largely cumulative” of the testimony of another expert witness, Dr. Dragovic—a witness the defense presented before Dr. Aranosian testified.
Botsford insists this move by the district court so prejudiced its case that it warrants reversal even under the highly deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. We, however, find no abuse of discretion with the district court‘s choice of sanction.
B. Application of Michigan‘s cap on noneconomic damages
Botsford also raises several challenges to the damages award. We first address Botsford‘s contention that the noneconomic damages should be reduced in accordance with the Michigan malpractice cap—an issue of first impression in this circuit. The cap, found in
As a threshold matter, we consider Plaintiff‘s argument that EMTALA does not incorporate state law damages caps under any circumstances. Our analysis in this regard begins and ends with the plain language of the statute. EMTALA‘s civil enforcement provisions specify that “[a]ny individual who suffers personal harm as a direct result of a participating hospital‘s violation of a requirement of [the Act] may, in a civil action against the participating hospital, obtain those
Whether EMTALA‘s incorporation of state law leads to the application of Michigan‘s malpractice damages cap is the next question. Though we find no decision addressing the applicability of Michigan‘s malpractice damages cap to an EMTALA failure-to-stabilize claim, we take guidance from the Fourth Circuit‘s decision in Power, which instructed: “the appropriate starting point for analyzing whether [a state] malpractice cap applies and what damages are available . . . is [this] threshold question . . . : Whether [the plaintiff‘s] EMTALA claim would be deemed a malpractice claim under [state law]?” Power, 42 F.3d at 860.
Agreeing with Power that this approach “best effectuates Congress‘s direction that courts should look to state law to determine what damages are available in an EMTALA action,” id. at 864, we follow it here to determine the applicability of Michigan‘s malpractice damages cap. We thus focus our inquiry on whether Plaintiff‘s failure-to-stabilize claim would constitute a medical malpractice claim under Michigan law.
The Michigan Supreme Court recently articulated the test for determining “whether the nature of a claim is ordinary negligence or medical malpractice” in Bryant v. Oakpointe Villa Nursing Ctr., 684 N.W.2d 864, 869 (Mich. 2004). Bryant instructs that courts undertaking this analysis should first ask “whether [the claim] is being brought against someone who, or an entity that, is capable of malpractice.” Id. at 870. Then, according to Bryant, courts should consider whether “the alleged claim sounds in medical malpractice“—which, in turn, depends on the resolution of two additional questions: “(1) whether the claim pertains to an action that occurred within the course of a professional relationship; and (2) whether the claim raises questions of medical judgment beyond the realm of common knowledge and experience.” Id. at 870-71. “If both these questions are answered in the affirmative, the action is subject to the procedural and substantive requirements that govern medical malpractice actions.” Id. at 871.
With respect to the second of the two questions, Bryant identified the need for expert testimony as the key distinguishing feature of claims involving medical judgment:
If the reasonableness of the health care professionals’ action can be evaluated by lay jurors, on the basis of their common knowledge and experience, it is ordinary negligence. If, on the other hand, the reasonableness of the action can be evaluated by a jury only after having been presented the standards of care pertaining to the
medical issue before the jury explained by experts, a medical malpractice claim is involved.
Plaintiff does not dispute that Botsford is an entity capable of malpractice or that the claim “pertains to an action that occurred within the course of a professional relationship.” Instead she premises her objection to the classification of her claim as a malpractice action on the ground that it does not raise questions of “medical judgment.” This is so, Plaintiff reasons, because the EMTALA claim requires no breach of the professional standard of care—the hallmark of traditional malpractice claims. But, while Bryant acknowledged that the traditional definition of malpractice “contribut[es] to an understanding of what constitutes a ‘medical judgment,‘” id. (emphasis added), it did not limit “medical judgment” to claims arising from a breach of the professional standard of care. To the contrary, as we see it, Bryant‘s own application of the standards it outlined reflects a much broader interpretation of malpractice, with the defining element being the need for experts. See id. at 873-74 (deeming claim that the defendant failed to train its staff to recognize that beds posed risk of asphyxia malpractice because “the ability to assess the risk of positional asphyxia and, thus, the training of employees to properly assess that risk, involves the exercise of professional judgment,” “[g]iven the patent need . . . for expert testimony“); id. at 875 (finding allegation that the defendant failed to inspect beds to eliminate risk of positional asphyxia “beyond the ken of common knowledge,” and thus sounding in medical malpractice, because “[t]he risk assessment at issue . . . require[d] understanding and consideration of the risks and benefits of using and maintaining a particular set of restraints in light of a patient‘s medical history and treatment goals.“).
Reading Bryant in this manner, we have no difficulty concluding that this EMTALA failure-to-stabilize claim would constitute a malpractice action under Michigan law. Like the claims Bryant deemed malpractice actions, compliance with EMTALA‘s stabilization requirements entails medical judgment (assuring “within reasonable medical probability, that no material deterioration of the condition is likely,”
C. Constitutionality of Mich. Comp. Laws. § 600.1483
Our conclusion that Michigan‘s malpractice damages cap applies necessitates addressing Plaintiff‘s alternative challenge to the constitutionality of the cap. Specifically, Plaintiff insists that
1. Seventh Amendment
In Boyd v. Bulala, 877 F.2d 1191 (4th Cir. 1989), the Fourth Circuit held that Virginia‘s cap on medical malpractice damages did not violate the Seventh Amendment. In its view, the jury‘s role “as factfinder [is] to determine the extent of a plaintiff‘s injuries,” not “to determine the legal consequences of its factual findings.” Id. at 1196. Additionally, the court reasoned: “If a legislature may completely abolish a cause of action without violating the right of trial by jury, we think it permissibly may limit damages recoverable for a cause of action as well.” Id. See also Phillips v. Mirac, Inc., 685 N.W.2d 174, 180 (Mich. 2004) (echoing the reasoning in Boyd and finding a cap on damages lawful under the Michigan constitution‘s analogous jury right).
We find this reasoning persuasive and conclude that
2. Equal Protection
In Zdrojewski v. Murphy, a Michigan appellate court addressing an equal-protection challenge to
The purpose of the damages limitation was to control increases in health care costs by reducing the liability of medical care providers, thereby reducing malpractice insurance premiums, a large component of health care costs. Controlling health care costs is a legitimate governmental purpose. By limiting at least one component of health care costs, the noneconomic damages limitation is rationally related to its intended purpose.
Id. (internal citations omitted). This decision‘s sound reasoning moves us to conclude as it did that
D. Reduction of future damages to present value
Botsford also insists that the district court‘s failure to ensure the reduction of future damages to present value—by refusing to give the jury a verdict form distinguishing between past and future damages or, in the alternative, to instruct the jury to reduce future damages to present value—violates Michigan law,
Botsford did preserve its challenge to the district court‘s failure to instruct the jury to reduce future damages to present value, but this claim lacks merit. We review a court‘s refusal to give a requested instruction for abuse of discretion. Fisher v. Ford Motor Co., 224 F.3d 570, 576 (6th Cir. 2000). As Botsford contends, Michigan law requires reduction of future damages to present value. See
E. Remittitur
Pressing the purportedly excessive nature of the noneconomic damages awarded in this case, Botsford seeks remittitur or a new trial on damages. We need not address this argument in light of our holding that
F. Request for a new judge on remand
Finally, Botsford requests that this court order the assignment of a new district judge to handle all future proceedings. Our decision requires remand for the limited purpose of applying Michigan‘s cap on damages. Botsford fails to present any evidence warranting reassignment for this task.
III
Because we find the district court should have applied