177 Ill. 446 | Ill. | 1898
delivered the opinion of the court:
The principal question for decision in this case must be whether or not complainant below was entitled, under the facts stated, to have his deposition considered by the court upon the final determination of the cause, and this depends upon the proper construction of section 2 of chapter 51 of our statutes. That section provides that no party to any civil action, suit or proceeding, or person directly interested in the event thereof, shall be allowed to testify therein, of his own motion or in his own behalf, by virtue of section 1, “when any adverse party sues or defends * * * as the executor, administrator, heir, legatee or devisee of any deceased person,” etc., “unless when called as a witness by such adverse party so suing or defending,” and also except in certain cases following, not material to be considered here.
It is very clear from the language of the statute, that if complainant had offered himself as a witness to testify to the facts stated in his deposition, after the death of his adversary, A. M. Billings, he would have been incompetent,—and to that effect are numerous decisions of this court. The contention, however, is, that inasmuch as his testimony had been taken and filed in the cause before such death, he being a competent witness at the time of the taking and filing of "the deposition, the subsequent death of the defendant did not have the effect of rendering it incompetent. The question is a new one in this court, and, as can readily be seen, of great importance, not only in the present case, but in laying down a rule of evidence to be hereafter followed. Appreciating its importance, aided by the able argument of counsel and the well considered opinion of the Appellate Court by Sears, J., we have endeavored to give it full and careful consideration. Its decision is rendered somewhat more difficult than, to our minds, it would otherwise have been, by the fact that the decisions of other courts upon somewhat similar statutes are inharmonious. It is held by courts of the highest respectability that such testimony, though used upon the hearing after the death of the adversary, is competent. These authorities will be found cited in the opinion of the Appellate Court. Other courts of no less learning- and ability have held, as did the chancellor below and as decided by the Appellate Court, that it was incompetent, and these cases also are cited in the opinion by Sears, J. In determining what shall be the rule in this State we must choose between the two classes of cases, and follow the rule which seems to us to be based upon the sounder reason and which is most in harmony with our decisions in passing upon other questions presented under the foregoing statute.
As stated by the Appellate Court, those decisions which hold the testimony competent do so upon the reasoning that a witness who was competent to testify at common law, when he gave his evidence, was not rendered incompetent by the fact that he subsequently became interested in the result of the suit, as a party or otherwise; and, assuming that the surviving party was competent at the time he gave his deposition, it is held, by analogy, that the subsequent death of the other party could not render him incompetent. It seems very clear to our minds that the analogy does not exist. An interested party was incompetent to testify at common law because it was supposed, taking" into consideration the frailties of human nature, that he would be so influenced by his interest as that he would not testify fairly and impartially and that lie would be tempted to commit perjury. Now, if this temptation had no existence at the time he testified, of course the reason for holding him incompetent was wanting, and therefore, although he might afterwards become interested, that interest could in no way relate back to the time of his testifying so as to affect or discredit his evidence, and hence it has always been held that such after-acquired interest would not destroy the competency of his testimony. Under section 2 of our statute, a party to an action, suit or proceeding, where the adverse party sues or defends as'the executor, administrator, etc., is not rendered incompetent by reason of his being a party or interested in the result of the litigation, but because to allow him to do so would be to give him an advantage over his adversary, the theory of the statute being, that inasmuch as the deceased cannot speak the living should not be allowed to do so; and, as shown by the numerous cases referred to by the Appellate Court, we have many times held that it is the spirit and intention of the statute to preserve equality between the parties to a transaction out of which the action or proceeding grows. No good purpose would be served by referring specially to those decisions the purport of which is stated in the language quoted by the Appellate Court from Whitmer v. Rucker, 71 Ill. 410, and in the opinion of Mr. Justice Wall, of the Third Appellate District, quoted and adopted in Butz v. Schwartz, 135 Ill. 180.
We cannot agree with the contention, ,nor the line of decisions which seem to sustain it, that the test of the competency of complainant’s testimony at the final decision of the case in any way depends upon its competency when taken. The language of the Supreme Court of Iowa in Quick v. Brooks, 29 Iowa, 484, clearly expresses the rule by which the competency of testimony under section 2 must be tested. It is there said: “Within the meaning of 'this statute, when did plaintiff testify? At the time his deposition was taken, or at the time of its use on the trial? We clearly think the latter. * * * The theory of the general statute, innovating", as it did, so thoroughly upon the rule of the common law, was, that the light should not be excluded because it might come from a possibly interested source, and hence that those persons, the parties who were presumed to know more about the transaction in dispute, should each be allowed to give their own version of the transaction, leaving the jury to judge of their credibility. But in perfect harmony with this general theory, and in the utmost, accord with the reason of the law, it was deemed wise to provide that if one could not, by reason of death, give his version neither shall the other. The want of opportunity to assist in the preparation of the cause by the decedent is not the sole ground for excluding the testimony of the survivor, nor by any means the principal ground. The prime reason is found in the inability of the party to oppose his statements,-—his testimony,—to that of the surviving" adversary, and this has been more than once announced as the reason of the law.-—Watson v. Russel, 18 Iowa, 80; Bradley v. Kavanagh, 12 id. 273; Roman v. Hays, id. 270; Shaefer v. Dean, ante, 144.”
The disadvantage to which appellees would have been put had that deposition remained in the record, to be considered by the chancellor, would certainly be no less by reason of its having been taken at a former time. We think the question was, should the complainant be allowed to give his version of conversations and transactions between himself and the deceased, and have those conversations considered in the final determination of the cause, when the latter could make no reply? It seems to us almost too clear for argument that to have retained this testimony and made it the basis of a decision in complainant’s favor would have been to destroy the equality between the parties and substantially avoid the provisions of the statute.
Something is said in the argument about the hardship which, under this view, will result to the complainant, and the fact that in this case, or other cases, the failure of the deceased party to testify may have been the result of his own design or carelessness. Clearly, these considerations can have no controlling influence in giving construction to the statute and laying down the rule of evidence. The hardship does not result from the law or the construction we place upon it. The entire statute removing the common law disability from parties and witnesses on account of interest is an innovation, deemed wise, for the interest of all parties, but only so where the equality of the parties can be maintained. It might be said that in the absence of this statute it was often a hardship upon a party that he could not testify or use as a witness one who was interested in the result of the suit; but rules of law cannot be adjusted so as to meet the hardships, seeming" or real, of each particular case. To hold that whether or not the failure of the deceased party, in a case like this; to get his deposition into the record before he died was his own fault, should furnish the test for the proper construction of the statute, would be to leave the whole question undetermined, and certainly could not be justified.
We entertain no doubt that the spirit and intention of section 2, supra, were fully carried out by the ruling' of the chancellor and in the judgment of affirmance by the Appellate Court. The deposition of the complainant, Smith, having" been properly expunged from the record, there was clearly no sufficient evidence upon which to base a decree in his favor. The decree was therefore proper and the judgment of the Appellate Court right.
Judgment affirmed.