Smith v. Allen

1 N.J. Eq. 43 | New York Court of Chancery | 1830

The Chancellor.

It is contended, in the first place, that the complainant has not by his bill made such a case as will support his action at law, even if the mistakes in the bond are rectified. And it is very properly admitted, that if this be so the bill cannot be sustained, and the demurrer is well taken. The ground of objection is, that the condition of the bond which is sought to be reformed, is larger than the statute requires or authorizes, and therefore the bond itself is void. The condition of the bond is, “ that if the above named D. K. Allen, shall and do keep within the bounds of the prison, limited and prescribed by the judges of the inferior court of common pleas in and for the county of Essex, and not walk out or depart the same until he be discharged by due course of law, then this obligation to be void,” <fcc. The only condition prescribed by the statute is, that the prisoner shall keep within the bounds prescribed by the court of common pleas, &c. The objection cannot prevail. It is true, that when a sheriff, colore officii, takes a bond' for the performance of matters not authorized by statute, such bond is void. The power of the officer in that behalf is a strict power, and shall not be extended. But while this principle is fully recognized, care must be taken in its application, that the ends of justice be not defeated by technical or verbal criticism. In the case of Sullivan v. Alexander, 19 John. R. 234, cited by the defendants’ counsel, the rule is laid down broadly, that when there is a substantial variance,—as if the sheriff adds to the condition, that he shall be kept without damage against the king and the plaintiffs,—that will make the whole condition void. But it is also added, that a mere verbal difference or departure from the provision of the statute, will not render the bond void.

If the condition of the bond imposes no new duties on the obli-gors, or no duties diverse from those required by the statute as justly and legally expounded, then it will be good. And I am clearly of opinion that this condition is within that rule. The condition in the statute is very brief. It is simply, that the prisoner shall keep within the bounds of the prison. The condition of the bond is, that he shall keep within the bounds of the prison limits, and not walk oat or depart the same. This latter part imposes no new duty. Tt is simply a repetition of the former part, but clothed in a new dress. It is mere surplussage, and cannot vitiate. But the condition of the bond goes farther, and says, the prisoner shall not depart the limits until he be discharged by due course of law. And it was contended that this might operate hardly upon the prisoner : that if the debt was paid, and he departed the limits without some judicial order, the bond would be forfeited. If this were even true, would it not apply with equal force to a bond, the condition of which was simply, that the prisoner should keep within the limits? This, taken literally? would mean, that not only the payment of the debt, but even the order of the court, would be insufficient to warrant the prisoner in walking off the limits; and that if he did so depart, the bond would be forfeited. It is absolute, and admits of no exception. But this is not the true construction. When the money is paid, the defendant can no longer be retained in custody; the object of the execution is satisfied. The command of the writ is, that the sheriff take the body of the defendant, and keep him, so that he satisfy the plaintiff' the debt or damages, as the case may be. Upon the payment of the money he is to be discharged. He has a legal right to demand it; and if the sheriff discharges him, he does it law fully ; or as the bond says, he is discharged by due course of law. I am satisfied that this bond is substantially correct. If not precisely according to the form of the statute, yet “ it is to be known,” as Lord Coke says, “ that there ave two manner of forms, “ sc. forma ver balls and forma leg alls ; forma verbalis stands “ upon the letters and syllables of the act: forma legalis is forma “ essentialis, and stands upon the substance of the thing to be “ done, and upon the sense of the statute : quia notitia ramoruro “ hujus statuti non in sermonum foliis, sed in rationis radice, posita “ est.” Beaufage’s case, 10, Co. 100.

But it is alleged that if the bond is a good bond in these particulars, the complainant does not show such a case as entitles him to relief. He does not show that he is damnified-He has not paid the money, and the plaintiff in the execution may never call on him. That when the bill was filed, the suit for am escape was not instituted ; and we must regard the rights of the parties as they were when the bill was filed.

It is expressly stated in the bill, that an action for the escape had been brought against the complainant, by the Paterson bank, and was then pending. This allegation must be taken as true, and is so considered by the court under the demurrer filed. It is not, however, deemed important. This bond is not a bond of indemnity, strictly speaking. There is no necessity of showing an actual damnification. The bond is forfeited by the defendant’s going off the prison limits. It is an escape, and the sheriff is liable. It does not lie in the mouth of the defendant to say, you are not damnified; you have not yet been obliged to pay the money: and while you thus remain, uninjured, you have no rights against me. It is unjust that the sheriff should be exposed to an absolute liability, have the means in bis own hands of protecting himself against it, and yet bo unable to move, until the plaintiff in the execution shall first move against him. The cause of action is made out by proving the bond and the escape : Kip v. Brigham, 7 John. R. 271. And this ⅛ manifestly so under our statute. The sheriff is authorized to assign the bond. If there was no right of action in the sheriff, he could convey none to the plaintiff, and the assignment would be unavailing. As well, therefore, on the ground that this bond is not a bond of indemnity, as that the forfeiture under the statute is an absolute forfeiture, and that a right of action follows as a necessary consequence, this second objection is deemed insufficient.

The third objection raised to the complainant’s bill, is, that it seeks to get the bond rectified in order to enforce a penalty; and it is said that equity does not assist in the recovery of a forfeiture. That is unquestionably the doctrine of this court. But the attempt to apply it to a case like the present, is not sustained even by the decisions adduced by the defendants’ counsel. The case of Livingston v. Tompkins, 4 John. C. R. 415, was an injunction case ; and the injunction was moved for on the ground, that the grant from the plaintiff to the defendant had ceased and become void, in consequence of the matters charged in the bill. In that case, Chancellor Kent referred to a distinct and well known class of cases, showing that a man is not bound to answer so as to subject himself, either directly or eventually, to a forfeiture or penalty : and that a court of equity will not aid in working a forfeiture, or divesting an estate. The cases of Hosburg v. Baker, 1 Peters’ U. S. R. 232, and Paxton v. Douglass, 19 Ves. 224, also referred to, are of the same character. They have reference to the forfeiture of some privilege, the divesting of some estate, the taking away of some right by condition subsequent or otherwise ; or to the discovery of some matter which may render an act done illegal, and thereby subject the party to a penalty. To effect these objects, equity will not interpose. But neither the rule nor the reason of the rule, has any application to this case.

The real question arises upon the fourth objection ; which is, that although a court of equity will relieve, in cases of mistake, to •prevent a party from enforcing an agreement entered into by mistake; yet it will not aid a party who seeks to have art agreement corrected, for the purpose of enforcing it. And the reason assigned is, that it would be contrary to the provisions of the statute for the prevention of frauds and perjuries, and also contrary to the general law of evidence. This objection, if sound, is radical, and therefore requires a careful consideration. The question comes up on a general demurrer, which admits all the materia] allegations of the complainant’s bill that are well pleaded.

The bill states, that Allen was duly arrested, by virtue of the writ, and was in custody : that he requested permission to walk within the prison limits ; and, ottering sufficient sureties, the complainant agreed to accept them, and thereupon prepared a bond, which was executed by the defendants: and that then the complainant permitted the said Allen to have the benefit of the prison limits. The bill further states, that the alleged variation between the bond and the writ was owing to the “ hurry of business, and by mere accident and mistake.” There is no explicit agreement set forth in the bill, as having been made between the complainant and all the defendants, or even between the complainant and Allen himself, in relation to the kind of bond that was to be given ; and it was contended that the bill was defective in that particular. I think it is not. This is a case w7here the agreement, if entered into at all, must have been regulated by law'. It admitted of neither extension nor abridgement. If, then, the defendant, Allen, on being arrested, requested to have the benefit of the limits, and offered sufficient sureties to enable him to procure it, and the sheriff agreed he should have it on giving bond with security, and the bond was accordingly prepared and given; it is manifest that the one party agreed to give, and the other to accept, such a bond as would enable the sheriff legally to release the defendant from arrest in that particular case, so far as to give him the benefit of the limits. The agreement and the mistake are sufficiently charged. How or by what proof they may be sustained, is not now7 to be considered.

The inquiry, then, presents itself, can such a mistake be permitted to be shown by the complainant, to correct the bond on which he seeks to recover : or can it only be shown by the defendant, w'hen set up to rebut an equity ? This is not alleged to be a case of fraud, but of mere mistake; and it was forcibly argued, that even if cases of fraud might properly be considered as exceptions, and out of the statute, mistakes were to be placed altogether on a different footing. That a defendant may set up and avail himself of a plain mistake in a written agreement, and thereby relieve himself from the operation of the agreement, is a principle too well settled in courts of equity to be shaken at this day. It would be a waste of time to enumerate the authorities. That the plaintiff is entitled to the same assistance to enable him to recover, has not been uniformly admitted at Westminster Hall, but there is a train of cases in favour of the proposition, which certainly go very far towards settling it. In Uridale v. Halfpenny, 2 P. Wms. 151, (1723,) a bill was filed to rectify a mistake in a settlement, in placing the term after the limitation in tail to the sons, whereas the term should have been before such limitation. Sir Joseph Jekyll sustained the bill, and helped the mistake. This case was afterwards recognized and approved of by Ld. Hardwick, in Heneage v. Hunloke, 2 Atk. 456. In Simpson v. Vaughan, 2 Atk. 31, (1739,) Ld. Hardwick corrected a bond, which, by mistake, was made a joint bond instead of a joint and several bond : and this was done on the application of the complainant. The case of Hinkle v. The Royal Exchange Assurance Company, 1 Ves. sen. 317, was decided by the same chancellor in 1749, and is a leading case on the subject. The bill was filed to have a policy of insurance rectified. The warranty was from London, when it was insisted it should have been from Ostend only. Ld. Hardwick says, “ no doubt but this court has jurisdiction to relieve, in respect of a plain mistake in contracts in writing, as well as against frauds in contracts, so that if reduced into writing contrary to the intent of the parties, on proper proof that would be rectified.” Evidence was admitted to show the mistake, but not being conclusive, the bill was dismissed, without costs. In Baker v. Paine, 1 Ves. sen. 456, (1750,) articles of agreement Were allowed to be rectified on application of the complainant, by the minutes and calculations made at the time. Again, in Burn v. Burn, 3 Ves. jr. 573, (1797,) a joint bond was held by Lord Rosslyn to be a several bond, even against creditors, and the mistake was shown on the part of the complainant. So also in the South Sea Co. v. D'Oliffe, cited 6 Ves. jr. 601, the party was relieved against a mistake in a bond, given by way of security ; six months having been inserted instead of two months. The same doctrine is maintained by Ld. Thurlow, in Taylor v. Radd, cited in 3 Bro. C. R. 454, and by Ld. Eldon, in Barstow v. Kilvington, 5 Ves. jr. 593. In this last case a settlement was reformed in favour of the younger children, against the heir of the mother. The chancellor remarks, that the settlement was certainly such as never could have been the deliberate intention of the parties making it; and the evidence being full, the mistake was rectified. It would be needless to multiply authorities. They may be found collected in 2 Bridgm. Index, 320, tit. Mistake ; Sugden on Vendors, 120; Jeremy on Eq. Ju. 432, 456, 489.

There are cases which seem to lead to a different conclusion : such as Woolam v. Hearn, 7 Ves. jr. 211; Higginson v. Clowes, 15 Ves. jr. 516 ; and Clinan v. Cook, 1 Scho. & Lef. 39. But these are all cases where bills were filed for a specific performance, and in which the complainant undertook to aver against his own instrument. They appear. to be governed by a different rule, the correctness of which has been questioned by high authority. See 4 John. C. R. 148, Kisselback v. Livingston. But in relation to reforming deeds, bonds, mortgages, «fee. the weight of authority is evidently in favour of the power of this court, whether sought on the part of tire complainant or the defendant ; and that, whether the matter to be corrected has originated iri fraud or mistake. The statute of frauds does no more protect the defendant against mistake than the plaintiff: both stand on the same foot. In this country the principle has been recognized very distinctly by chancellor Kent, in Wiser v. Blachly, 1 John. C. R. 607, where a guardianship bond was corrected and enforced, even against sureties, and upon the broad principle, that where a mistake was manifest, the court, in the exercise of its ordinary jurisdiction, would correct it, and hold the party according to his original intention. So in Gillespie v. Moore, 2 John. C. R. 585, the court, after collecting and revising most of the cases on the subject, decided that equity would relieve against a mistake, and that as well when the complainant seeks relief affirmatively, on the ground of mistake, as where the defendant sets it up as a defence, or to rebut an equity. This case came under review in the court of errors, on the argument of the appeal of Lyman v. The Utica Insurance Co.; and the broad principle was sustained by a large majority of the court. Chief Justice Spencer, in remarking on it, says, that “ it will remain a land-mark for future decisions: the reasoning is strong, irresistible, and conclusive:” 17 John. R. 377. I am satisfied to adopt this as the correct principle. It is supported by the current of authorities and the reason of the thing. It should be carefully guarded, I admit. The evidence to support the mistake should be full and satisfactory; such as to leave no room for reasonable doubt, especially if denied by the defendant’s answer. But when such evidence is adduced, and the use intended to be made of the mistake is unconscionable and oppressive, it would seem to be the privilege and the duty of this court to interfere, so as to prevent gross and flagrant injustice. Under this view of the case I shall order the demurrer to be overruled, with costs.