1 Or. Tax 532 | Or. T.C. | 1964
Decision for defendant rendered April 24, 1964. This is a suit to set aside defendant's assessment of corporation income tax against plaintiff for the years 1955, 1956, 1957, and 1958 on the ground that Public Law 86-272 prohibits Oregon from imposing such tax on plaintiff.
Plaintiff, a Pennsylvania corporation, has its principal office in Philadelphia. It manufactures and sells ethical pharmaceutical products in interstate commerce. In Oregon it has no office, no office equipment, no stock of goods, no telephone listing, no telephone answering service, no mailing address, and no automobile. To conduct its only activity in Oregon, plaintiff employs five or six resident professional representatives, so-called "detail men." It reimburses these *537 representatives for the use of their own cars and other expenses and provides them with samples and sales materials.
Under supervision of its Seattle office, plaintiff's detail men visit hospitals, other institutions, doctors, and retail druggists, as well as wholesalers handling plaintiff's products, for the purpose of explaining the use and usefulness of plaintiff's products and encouraging their use and sale. They do not solicit orders (except upon rare occasions) but rather promote the use of plaintiff's products. The detail men report daily to plaintiff concerning the professional reception of its products. No telephone listing of the representatives identifies them as plaintiff's agents, though their business cards carry their home telephone numbers. At their homes the detail men maintain stocks of samples for use in their promotional work.
Among ultimate users only state institutions deal directly with plaintiff. All other ultimate users purchase from retailers. Retailers, in turn, purchase from wholesalers, whose salesmen solicit orders from druggists, hospitals, and institutions. Oregon wholesalers place orders with plaintiff at its principal office, where they are accepted.
In 1958, defendant requested that plaintiff pay Oregon's corporation net income tax for the years 1955 through 1958, under the Oregon Corporation Income Tax Act of 1955. In May of that year, plaintiff filed its returns and paid tax for those four years. It computed its tax by the three-factor apportionment formula with zero as its Oregon sales and property factors. In August, 1959, defendant issued proposed deficiency assessments in which it recomputed plaintiff's tax, using the three-factor formula with a zero factor for property only. In September, 1959, Congress *538 passed P.L. 86-272. Defendant made its assessments final in August, 1960. In September, 1960, plaintiff formally appealed to defendant to set aside its assessments and to refund the tax already paid on the ground that P.L. 86-272 exempted plaintiff from Oregon corporate income taxation. After a formal hearing in 1962, defendant, in its Opinion and Order No. I-62-14, affirmed its assessments and denied plaintiff's refund claims because plaintiff's activities in Oregon did not bring plaintiff within the exemption provided by P.L. 86-272.
Plaintiff then filed its complaint in this court to set aside the commission's order and assessment. In its answer, defendant raised for the first time the additional issue that P.L. 86-272 is unconstitutional. After plaintiff replied, defendant requested, under ORS
The parties then submitted the case upon a detailed stipulation of all material facts. The court allowed the states of Michigan and Missouri to intervene amici curiae, and plaintiff, defendant, and the State of Michigan exhaustively briefed the issues presented.
(1) Did plaintiff's activities in Oregon bring it within the exemption of P.L. 86-272? *539
(2) Is P.L. 86-272 constitutional?
(3) If the statute is constitutional, from how much of the tax paid and proposed is plaintiff exempt?
P.L. 86-272 prohibits the states from levying and collecting taxes measured by net income from natural and artificial persons engaged in interstate commerce whose only business activity within the taxing state is the solicitation of orders for the sale of tangible personal property by either the soliciting firm or a customer of the soliciting firm, when any orders thereby obtained are accepted and filled outside the taxing state. This prohibition is applicable after the adoption of the act in September, 1959, and to assessments then pending.
After that decision, many states enacted corporation income tax acts which imposed a tax upon the realization of net income by a corporate taxpayer engaged in interstate commerce and not upon a taxpayer's right or privilege to conduct its interstate business. In order to avoid any question under the equal protection clause of the Federal Constitution, these states made the rates and incidents of their corporation net income taxes identical with those of their corporation excise taxes, which were still applicable to corporations authorized to do business within their boundaries.
2. In February, 1959, the United States Supreme Court held the corporate net income tax to be constitutional under both the commerce clause and the due process clause of the Federal Constitution. Northwestern States Portland Cement Co. v.Minnesota and Williams v. Stockham Valves Fittings, Inc.,
On the other hand, plaintiff contends that the act is properly construed as a "minimum activity" statute — that it exempts all corporations the activities of which do not exceed solicitation of orders. Furthermore, plaintiff contends that its Oregon employees do solicit orders for plaintiff's customers within the meaning of P.L. 86-272 and that the statute does not require the receipt of an order by plaintiff's employees so long as they are soliciting and encouraging the purchase of plaintiff's products.
3. In this court's opinion, plaintiff's activities in Oregon meet the statutory requirements for exemption. Congressional committee reports support this conclusion. Conference Report No. 1103, 86th Cong., 1st Sess. (1959); Select Committee on Small Business, The Problems Faced by Small Business inComplying With Multi-State Taxation of Income Derived FromInterstate Commerce, S. Rep. No. 453, 86th Cong., 1st Sess. (1959) p 13; Comm. on Finance, State Taxation of Income DerivedFrom Interstate Commerce, S. Rep. No. 658, 86th Cong., 1st Sess. (1959). These reports show that Congress intended to exempt not only the specifically described phase of interstate sales efforts but also all lesser, included phases.
4. Furthermore, the nature of plaintiff's business makes its activities in Oregon the equivalent of solicitation of orders in other, less technical businesses. Ethical drugs, are generally purchased by the public from retail druggists. But the drug to be purchased is selected, not by the purchaser, but by his physician. An ethical drug sales effort comparable to direct *542 solicitation of orders for shoes, valves, or cement requires "selling" the physician on the wisdom of prescribing the particular product for his patient. By soliciting the stocking of plaintiff's products by druggists and the prescription of those drugs by physicians, plaintiff's detail men perform the same sales function in plaintiff's field that salesmen soliciting actual orders from the ultimate user perform in other businesses. A realistic legal and factual interpretation of P.L. 86-272 requires exemption of plaintiff from Oregon corporation income tax.
6, 7, 8. Due process is a judicial concept. Ultimate determination of due process is a judicial, not a legislative, task. State Board of Insurance v. Todd Shipyards Corp.,
9. However, in P.L. 86-272 Congress does not attempt to alter any due process concept or to determine what is sufficient nexus to support Oregon's income tax. Instead it uses what is basically a due process concept as a standard in attempting to regulate interstate commerce. It defines the corporations which it seeks to protect in terms usually employed in due process determinations. Then, it uses this due process concept, not to determine due process, but to limit its regulation of interstate commerce. Such use of the due process concept as a definition in P.L. 86-272 is not an unconstitutional attempt by Congress to regulate due process.
This court's determination that plaintiff is entitled to the exemption of P.L. 86-272 and that the statute does not attempt to regulate due process squarely *544 presents the issue of whether P.L. 86-272 is a constitutional exercise of Congressional power to regulate interstate commerce.
Defendant finds P.L. 86-272 unconstitutional. It contends that net income taxation is not a burden on interstate commerce because, by the time that the income tax is imposed on the net profits, these profits are no longer within interstate commerce. It also contends that the exemption from state taxation at the net income level provided in P.L. 86-272 violates the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment of the Federal Constitution.
These positions have been ably and exhaustively briefed in this court. In these briefs, the articles of Professor Hellerstein, Mr. Cox, and others, and the decisions of Judge Blanche and Mr. Justice McCaleb in Louisiana, as well as in prior United States Supreme Court decisions themselves, this court finds ample quotations from Supreme Court decisions to support both positions. Referring to this plethora of quotations, Mr. Justice Frankfurter said: "To attempt to harmonize all that has been said in the past would neither clarify what has gone before nor guide the future." Freeman v.Hewitt,
10. Article I, Section 8, of the United States Constitution grants Congress the power "To regulate Commerce * * * among the several states * * *." The first question, then, is whether the subject matter of P.L. 86-272 is interstate commerce and, therefore, subject to Congressional regulation. The Louisiana Supreme Court and other supporters of plaintiff's position find or assume that it is. Proper determination *546 of this issue rests squarely on interpretation ofNorthwestern States — Stockham.
In that decision the Court held that a fairly apportioned state net income tax was not an undue burden on interstate commerce. Earlier, in Spector, the Court had held that a corporation excise tax measured by net income was such undue burden on interstate commerce. These two beacon cases determine the course of interpretation. A proper resolution of the issues raised in the instant case requires determination of why the corporation excise tax in Spector was an undue burden on that commerce, while the corporation income tax in Northwestern —Stockham was not.
11. A tax is a burden per se. Any taxpayer knows this and of it this court takes judicial notice. The excise tax in Spector and the income tax in Northwestern States — Stockham both were burdens imposed on corporations engaged solely in interstate commerce within the taxing state.
In each of those cases the actual burden on commerce was substantially the same, a tax determined by net income. For instance, Oregon has both a corporation excise tax and the subject corporation net income tax. The rates and incidents of the two taxes are identical. A corporation qualified to do business in Oregon pays a certain amount of excise tax. The same corporation, if it were engaged solely in interstate commerce but not qualified to do business in Oregon, would pay the same amount of tax as corporation income tax. Yet if the corporation excise tax were applied to the corporation in the second situation, it would be an undue burden on interstate commerce under Spector, even though the same tax burden applied as a corporation net income tax in the same *547 situation would not be an undue burden on interstate commerce under Northwestern States — Stockham.
12, 13. Because a tax is a burden and the burden of the same amount of tax was not undue in Northwestern States — Stockham, the undueness of the burden in Spector cannot arise from the extent of the burden, the weight of the tax. The logical and practical distinction between Spector and Northwestern States— Stockham, then, is that in the former the burden was imposed on interstate commerce, while in the latter it was not. Furthermore, the logical and practical conclusion is that, by its nature, a net income tax is not imposed on interstate commerce but upon the profits of a business after the proceeds of its commerce have left interstate commerce.
14. Northwestern States — Stockham supports this conclusion. In that case and Spector, the Court distinguished between a tax on interstate commerce itself and a tax on income derived from an interstate business (
15, 16, 17. The same theory must hold true as to the taxation of the moneys derived from the manufacture, *548 transportation, and sale of those goods. Once moneys are anointed as interstate commerce, Congress cannot forever sequester them as immune from local fiscal burdens.Northwestern States — Stockham, supra. At some point the proceeds of interstate commerce must be deemed to have left interstate commerce and returned to the less exalted position from which they have come. By distinguishing an excise tax from an income tax of the same fiscal burden, by distinguishing between interstate commerce and net income derived from interstate commerce, and by recognizing interstate commerce as a temporary condition and not an inherent, indissoluble state,Northwestern States — Stockham established the limit of interstate commerce. The Court recognized that, by the time proceeds derived from interstate commerce filter through the vicissitudes of expenses, depreciation, and the other proper accounting charges to become net profit, they cease to be within interstate commerce. Therefore, a state tax imposed upon the realization of that net income, not merely measured by that net income, is not a tax on interstate commerce and Congress cannot prohibit its taxation under the commerce clause.
Plaintiff and those in its support do not so interpretNorthwestern States — Stockham. They say it holds that the net income tax is a burden on interstate commerce but not an undue burden. They claim to have interpreted the majority opinion as Mr. Justice Frankfurter did in his dissent. This is not accurate. Certainly, Mr. Justice Frankfurter thought the income tax an undue burden on interstate commerce; but he so held because he found the tax to be imposed directly on interstate commerce. Mr. Justice Whittaker, in his dissent in which Mr. Justice Frankfurter joined, *549
acknowledged that the majority of the court did not so find, when he said (
"* * * There is no room to dispute these admitted facts. Yet, I believe, the Court does not squarely face them but veiledly treats the cases as though intrastate commerce were to some extent involved. * * *"
The transactions which earned the gross income admittedly were wholly interstate commerce. The majority opinion focused its attention, not on the nature of the commercial transactions creating the gross income, but on the nature of the tax on the net income. The tax and the realization of net income on which it was imposed, not the transactions, were of intrastate nature. A careful reading of the dissents shows that the dissenters disagreed with the majority concerning the continuance of interstate commerce through the application of expenses to gross income to arrive at net profit. If, as Mr. Justice Whittaker reasoned, the income received from transactions in interstate commerce does not lose its character as interstate commerce by the time that it becomes net profit or loss, only the determination of Northwestern States —Stockham which he and Justices Frankfurter and Stewart espoused was logically possible. A tax on such net income would have been a direct burden on interstate commerce and as fatally unconstitutional as was the identical burden in Spector. But this is not what the majority of the Court found and is not the result of that case.
18, 19, 20. This court's interpretation recognizes the distinction between state regulation prohibited as an undue burden on interstate commerce and state regulation permissible as a burden, but not an undue burden, *550
on interstate commerce until Congress pre-empts the subject of regulation. See Hellerstein, "The Power of Congress to Restrict State Taxation of Interstate Commerce," 12 J. Taxation 302 (1960); and Hellerstein, "An Academician's View of State Taxation of Interstate Commerce," 16 Tax L. Rev. 159 (1961). But Congress cannot pre-empt state taxation, because Congress does not lay taxes for the states. This situation is not analogous to establishing utility rates or licensing engineers, when Congress acts under the commerce power after the state has taken similar action under the police power. The ShreveportRate Case, (Houston, E. W. T. R. Co. v. United States),
21, 22. Furthermore, not only may Congress not pre-empt state taxation but, as pointed out above, the logical interpretation of Northwestern States — Stockham is that a state net income tax is not laid "on interstate *551 commerce." Because the burden of a net income tax is not on that commerce which Congress may preempt or otherwise regulate, the distinction between prohibited undue burdens and due burdens permitted until Congress acts is inapplicable. Congress' power to prohibit state taxation terminates when the limits of interstate commerce are reached. The subject corporation income tax is imposed beyond that point.
23. This court has also considered the possible argument that P.L. 86-272 is a valid regulation of intrastate commerce affecting interstate commerce under an extension of Wickard v.Filburn,
25. On the other hand, the Constitution is the compact of the several sovereign states. New York v. *553 United States,
26. With the clash of these two concepts in the instant case, the victorious commerce clause reaches its Rubicon. Congressional regulation of interstate commerce will engulf state sovereignty, if Congress is able to prohibit an otherwise valid state net income tax either under the doctrine ofWickard v. Filburn and The Shreveport Rate Case, supra, or because it is imposed on interstate commerce. If, as interstate commerce Congress can prohibit a state tax on net income derived from interstate commerce, then, Congress can prohibit all state taxation under its broad power to regulate intrastate affairs affecting interstate commerce. It can prohibit state taxes imposed on domestic corporations engaged in interstate commerce in competition with purely interstate corporations. It can prohibit state taxation of wholly intrastate businesses which compete with plaintiff and other interstate concerns. In fact, in our closely integrated, national business life, Congress can prohibit or render equitably impossible virtually all state taxation as regulation of either interstate commerce or commerce affecting interstate commerce, if it can prohibit net income taxes as a regulation of interstate commerce. The same result obtains if Congressional prohibition of state net income taxation is permitted under an extension of Wickard v.Filburn, supra. Stripped of the *554 power to tax, the sovereignty of states is a hollow shell. An interpretation of the Federal Constitution which makes the imposition of otherwise constitutional state taxes subject to the by-your-leave of Congress does not merely weaken — it destroys — the entire federal concept of government. It reduces the states to the status of counties. This court is fully aware that our Federal Constitution is viable, variable, and adaptable to the changing times. Cardozo, The Nature of theJudicial Process, 17 (1921); Douglas, We the Judges, 433 (1956); Jackson, The Struggle for Judicial Supremacy, 174 (1941). But this court does not believe that its flexibility extends to the point of destroying the very essence of that compact.
27. The substantial defects of P.L. 86-272 lie in its prohibitory nature. Its prohibitory character distinguishes the point at which Congressional action is directed in P.L. 86-272 from the impact point of valid regulation of interstate commerce. The primary impact and effect of P.L. 86-272 are the prohibition of the exercise of sovereignty rather than a regulation of its exercise over commerce under Congress' jurisdiction. Furthermore, by prohibiting certain state taxation Congress creates an exemption or immunity, not merely a regulation. Exemptions and immunities from tax are not favored in the law because they shrink the base over which the tax burden is spread. Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States,
In Freeman v. Hewit, supra (
28, 29. Congress may implement judicial decisions holding state taxation unconstitutional under the commerce clause. The Supreme Court has held that the states cannot discriminate against foreign corporations by imposing unequal taxation.Welton v. Missouri,
This legislation would protect interstate commerce, from what Mr. Justice Frankfurter in his Northwestern States — Stockham
dissent (
Defendant shall prepare and present a decree affirming its assessment of Oregon corporation income tax against plaintiff for the calendar years 1955 through 1958 and denying plaintiff's claims for refund of tax paid on account of those years.*