58 Mich. 200 | Mich. | 1885
The plaintiff in this case sued for the value of a colt killed by the defendant’s engine upon its right of way in April, 1882, at or near a place called Payne’s Cross ing, in the town of Batavia in Branch county. The action is based upon that part of How. Stat. § 3377, relating to cattle-guards, reading as follows : “ Every railroad company * * * shall erect and maintain fences on the sides of their respective roads of, the height and strength of a division fence required by law, with fences and cattle-guards at all 'highway and street crossings, sufficient to prevent cattle or other animals from getting on such railroad. * * * * Until such fences and cattle-guards or ditches shall be duly made, such company * * * shall be liable for all dam
The case was tried and submitted to the jury entirely under the first count of the declaration. This avers that the defendant, although operating the road for more than six months previous, did not construct and maintain a cattle-guard at the highway crossing where the colt was killed sufficient to prevent horses from getting on the railroad, and by reason of this neglect of duty the plaintiff’s horse was enabled to and did get from the highway, over this poor cattle-guard, upon the railroad right of way, where it was killed by one of the defendant’s trains. No point was made upon the sufficiency of the declaration.
The only question seriously controverted upon the trial was as to the sufficiency of the cattle-guard. The colt, in entering upon the defendant’s right of way, jumped the cattle-guard at the highway crossing, and when the train came along the animal, in its fright and effort to escape, again attempted to jump the cattle-guard, and was caught, run over and killed. The guard was almost new, in good repair and complete in all its parts. The claim made by the plaintiff was that the cattle-guard was insufficient in its design and construction to meet the requirements of the statute abo\e quoted. The cause was submitted to the jury under the charge given by the court, and a verdict was rendered against the defendant. The defendant brings error.
The facts in the case seem to have been substantially conceded, except as to the sufficiency of the cattle-guard. We quite agree with Judge Pekler, who tried the cause at the circuit, that “ what kind of a guard should be used is quite a difficult question,” to comply with the statute, and that “ a fair construction of the law does not require the company to
The difficulty of determining the sufficiency of the cattle-guard is made apparent in the examination of the plaintiff’s declaration in this case. ITe utterly fails therein, in either count, to point out any specific defect in which the insufficiency consists, but contents himself with relying upon the allegation of general insufficiency. Certainly the violation of or neglect to perform some specific and well-defined duty must bo shown before any liability is incurred, and good pleading requires that this should appear in the declaration ; but no demurrer vras interposed in this case, and this subject cannot be further considered, except to say that the testimony to prove the cause stated, with a single exception, was properly received.
The following question was put to the plaintiff and several of his witnesses, viz.: “ In your opinion was the cattle-guard sufficient to prevent animals from getting on the right of way under circumstances ordinarily arising at those places ?” This question, and the one following it of a like nature, was permitted to be answered by the plaintiff and his witnesses, against the objection of defendant’s counsel. This, we think, was error. The question called for answers giving merely
I think the rule is well stated in Best on Evidence, where he says: “ This rule is necessary to prevent the other rules of evidence being practically nullified. If the opinions thus offered are founded on no evidence, or on illegal evidence, they ought not to be listened to; if founded on legal evidence, that evidence ought to be laid before the jury.” 2 Best on Evidence 511, 517 and notes; Joyce v. Insurance Co. 45 Me. 168; Ames v. Snider 69 Ill. 376; Whitmore v. Bowman 4 G. Greene (Ia.) 148; Veerhusen v. Chicago c& N. W. Ry. Co. 53 Wis. 689. The testimony was incompetent.
The evidence tended to show that the guard in question was the kind best approved now in use; that it is, and has been for many years, in use by the defendant on all its roads; and that it is also used by nearly all the principal railroads in the country; and, after making this proof, the defendant requested the court to charge the jury upon this subject as follows: “If this cattle-guard vas sufficient to reasonably serve the purposes of turning back such beasts as cattle-guards are generally designed to restrain, then the defendant is not liable for not maintaining a better one, and your verdict must be for the defendant. The defendant is not bound to guard against unruly horses or other beasts. Davidson v. Mich. Cent. R. R. Co. 49 Mich. 428. Railroads are only held to the duty of being prudent railroad companies, and to the diligence embraced in good railroad management. The degree of care required in any business must be proportionate to its nature and risks. But the law does not require the business to be conducted upon any unusual basis, though the business be one of great risks, and requiring great care and caution. Railways fulfill their duty if they conduct their road in the manner generally found and believed safe by prudent railway companies. Mich. Cent. R. R. Co. v. Cole
We think those requests were all proper and should have been given in this case. We do not think, under the testimony, the case should have been taken from the jury, but under proper rulings and instructions was one for the jury. For the error herein pointed out the judgment must be
Beversed and a new trial ordered.