661 A.2d 747 | Md. Ct. Spec. App. | 1995
Lead Opinion
The State filed a twenty-three count indictment in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County against appellant, Dwight Ralph Smallwood. Appellant pleaded guilty to charges of attempted first degree rape and robbery with a deadly weapon. Based on an agreed statement of facts, the
Issue
Appellant raises the following issue: Whether the evidence and the court’s factual findings sufficiently support appellant’s convictions of assault with intent to murder and attempted second degree murder.
Statement of Facts
The agreed-upon statement of facts related by the State to the trial court reveals that, in July of 1991, appellant was incarcerated at the Prince George’s County Detention Center, where he voluntarily agreed to be tested for the presence of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (“HIV”). On August 29, 1991, appellant was diagnosed as being infected with HIV, the virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (“AIDS”). According to the medical records of the Prince George’s County Detention Center, appellant knew that he was infected with HIV as early as September 25, 1991. Appellant told Dr. Ivan W. Laurich, a psychiatrist at the detention center, that he would not have sexual relations without informing his partners of his “HIV positive” status.
According to the State, in February of 1992, Marianne Liburdi, a licensed social worker, informed appellant of the necessity to practice “safe sex” in order to avoid transmitting his disease to his sexual partners. In July of 1993, appellant underwent HIV-related medical treatment at Children’s Hospital, where he stated to medical personnel that he had one
On September 28, 1993, appellant and an accomplice approached a woman exiting her car, ordered her, at gunpoint, to drive them to an automated teller machine, and forced her to withdraw $300. Although appellant was informed of the necessary precautions to avoid transmitting HIV to his sexual partners, appellant attempted to rape the woman after robbing her. According to the agreed-upon statement of facts, appellant “inserted his penis into [the woman’s] vagina, causing slight penetration [and] did not use a condom during the act.” Appellant threatened to shoot the woman if she reported the incident.
At the conclusion of the State’s statement of facts, appellant declined to present evidence and moved for judgment of acquittal on the charges of assault with intent to murder, attempted second degree murder, and reckless endangerment. The trial court denied appellant’s motion and stated that, before going any further, it was necessary for the court “to make a clear record for all concerned.” Essentially, the trial court adopted the agreed-upon statement of facts as its factual findings and concluded that appellant was guilty of attempted second degree murder, assault with intent to murder, and reckless endangerment.
Discussion
Appellant seeks reversal of his convictions for assault with intent to murder and attempted second degree murder, arguing that one cannot be convicted of those crimes simply because one knowingly engages in sexual behavior that places his partner at risk of being infected with HIV. According to appellant, the evidence adduced was insufficient to support the trial court’s verdict.
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction, the standard to be applied is “whether the record evidence could reasonably support a finding of*5 guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” The appropriate inquiry then is not whether we believe that the evidence at trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt; “[i]nstead, the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Moreover, when evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence in a non-jury trial, the judgment of the trial court will not be set aside on the evidence unless clearly erroneous, giving due regard to the trial court’s opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses.
State v. Raines, 326 Md. 582, 588-89, 606 A.2d 265 (1992) (citations omitted). Within that standard of review, we turn to the issues presented in the case sub judice.
I.
Regarding appellant’s conviction for attempted second degree murder, the trial court ruled:
I think it is clear from the record that [appellant] knew that he had the HIV virus, that he was counseled by various doctors and medical personnel as to that fact, as to how it is transmitted, and that [appellant] stated on several occasions he would only engage in “safe sex.” [Appellant] knew that, at least all of that, before he raped the victims. And he even admitted to staff at Children’s Hospital as to having sex but was using a condom every time.
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It is my belief and finding that, based on [appellant’s] knowledge of his disease, his counseling with regards to that, that I can infer malicious intent, that is an intent to commit murder, and we so find, would so find.
I believe his requisite intent to kill can be found from inferring from [appellant’s] knowledge as to his HIV positive status, his knowledge of the transmission of the disease. I believe that he also had sufficient time to consider the consequences of his act.
*6 Accordingly, Madam Clerk, the Court would find him guilty ... Count I [attempted second degree murder].
“The crime of attempt consists of a specific intent to commit a particular offense coupled with some overt act in furtherance of the intent that goes beyond mere preparation.” State v. Earp, 319 Md. 156, 162, 571 A.2d 1227 (1990). “[T]he required specific intent in the crime of attempted murder is a specific intent to murder.” Id. at 163, 571 A.2d 1227. The Court of Appeals of Maryland defines “specific intent to murder” as “the specific intent to kill under circumstances that would not legally justify or excuse the killing or mitigate it to manslaughter.” Id. at 167, 571 A.2d 1227. The trier of fact may infer the existence of the requisite intent to kill from the surrounding circumstances. For example, in State v. Jenkins, 307 Md. 501, 514, 515 A.2d 465 (1986), the Court of Appeals held that an intent to kill may, under proper circumstances, be inferred from the use of a deadly weapon directed at a vital part of the human body.
Whether an intent to kill may, under proper circumstances, be inferred from attempted first degree rape which is likely to result in the transmission of HIV to the victim, and whether, under the proper circumstances, attempted first degree rape constitutes an overt act necessary to support a conviction for the crime of attempted murder present issues of first impression in Maryland. We, therefore, look to other jurisdictions for guidance.
In Weeks v. State, 834 S.W.2d 559 (Tex.Ct.App.1992) the Court of Appeals of Texas held that the evidence was sufficient to support the appellant’s conviction for attempted murder where appellant, who was HIV positive, spit in the face of a prison guard. According to the Court,
[t]he State was required to prove that appellant’s intent, when he spit on the officer, was to cause the officer’s death; that appellant was infected with HIV at the time he spit on the officer; and that this act was more than mere preparation which tended, but failed to effect the commission of the offense intended, which was the officer’s death.
It is undisputed that appellant spit twice on the officer and that appellant was infected with HIV at the time. The record reflects that appellant believed he could kill the complainant by spitting his HIV infected saliva on him. The issue, then, before this Court is whether sufficient evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, was presented to the jury showing that appellant could have transmitted HIV by spitting on the officer.
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The jury as trier of fact, was the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. The jury chose to believe the witnesses who testified that HIV could be transmitted through saliva. If a rational trier of fact could have reached that result based upon the evidence in this particular case, it would be improper for this court to set aside the jury’s verdict. While the evidence was highly controverted, there is sufficient evidence in the record, when considered in the light most favorable to the verdict, that appellant could have transmitted HIV by spitting.
Id. at 562, 565.
In State v. Smith, 262 N.J.Super. 487, 621 A.2d 493 (App.Div.1993), the Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division, reviewed the propriety of a defendant-appellant’s conviction for attempted murder, aggravated assault, and terroristic threats. In Smith, the defendant-appellant, a county jail inmate, knew he had HIV, and, prior to biting and puncturing the skin of a corrections officer’s hand, repeatedly threatened that he would kill the corrections officers by spitting at them or biting them. The Superior Court “applied the elements of [New Jersey’s] attempted murder statute as [it] would in a case involving a more traditional criminal methodology[,]” and
Similarly, in State v. Haines, 545 N.E.2d 834, 839 (Ind.Ct.App.1989), the Court of Appeals of Indiana reviewed whether an HIV-infected appellee could be convicted of attempted murder. In Haines, after a failed suicide attempt, the appellee scratched, bit, and spit at emergency technicians and police officers who came to his aid, and threatened to give them the AIDS virus. During his scuffle -with one of the police officers, the appellee struck the officer in the face with a blood-soaked wig, causing blood to splatter onto the officer’s eyes, mouth, and skin. The appellee was charged with three counts of attempted murder.
At trial, the appellee’s homosexual lover recalled that doctors had informed the appellee that he had the AIDS virus, and that the appellee knew that the AIDS virus was fatal. Additional testimony revealed that, on one occasion when the appellee was admitted to the hospital, he warned the medical staff not to touch him because he was infected with the AIDS viras. Medical testimony adduced at trial revealed that the officer was definitely exposed to HIV, that exposure of infected blood to the eyes and the mouth is dangerous, and that it is easy for the viras to enter the blood stream through cuts on the skin.
The trial court in Haines determined that the State failed to meet its burden of proof and, therefore, granted the appellee’s motion for judgment on the counts of attempted murder. The
[f]rom the evidence in the record before us we can only conclude that [the appellee] had knowledge of his disease and that he unrelentingly and unequivocally sought to kill the persons helping him by infecting them with AIDS, and that he took a substantial step towards killing them by his conduct believing that he could do so, all of which was more than a mere tenuous, theoretical, or speculative “chance” of transmitting the disease. From all of the evidence before the jury it could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that [the appellant] took a substantial step toward the commission of murder.
Thus the trial court improperly granted [the appellee’s] motion for judgment on the evidence____
Id. at 841.
In Commonwealth v. Brown, 413 Pa.Super. 421, 605 A.2d 429 (1992), the Superior Court of Pennsylvania held that there was sufficient evidence to support the fact finder’s conclusion that the appellant intended to inflict serious bodily injury upon a corrections officer. In Brown, the appellant, who was infected with HIV, threw his fecal matter in a corrections officer’s face, because, according to the appellant, the corrections officer had been tampering with his mail. Because the evidence revealed that the appellant had been counseled by both a physician and a nurse concerning the dangers of AIDS and the transmission of HIV through bodily fluids, the Court determined that there was sufficient evidence to support appellant’s conviction for aggravated assault. Id. 605 A.2d at 431.
In State v. Stark, 66 Wash.App. 423, 832 P.2d 109 (1992), the appellant challenged the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction for assault in the second degree. The Court recognized that the appellant knew that he was HIV positive, that he had been counselled to use “safe sex” methods, and that, when confronted with his sexual practices, appellant stated that he did not care. Viewing that evidence in a light
In the case sub judice, the trial court found that appellant’s insertion of his penis into his victim’s vagina, with slight penetration, constituted an overt act in furtherance of the intent that went beyond mere preparation. Appellant concedes that, by attempting to rape his victim, he “did something that went ‘past that mere tenuous, theoretical or specter of chance of transmitting the disease.’ ” That HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact is undisputed. Therefore, in light of the holdings in other jurisdictions, we conclude that, under the circumstances of the case sub judice, attempted first degree rape satisfies “the furthering overt act, beyond mere preparation” prong of the crime of attempted second degree murder.
Although appellant concedes that his attempt to rape his victim constituted an overt act necessary to support a conviction for attempted second degree murder, appellant argues that the evidence fails to support the trial court’s finding that he possessed the requisite specific intent to murder. The record, however, belies appellant’s assertion.
When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, “we look at the evidence of guilt under the microscope of Maryland Rule [8-131] which permits us to set aside the verdict of the court if it was clearly erroneous____” Murray v. State, 35 Md.App. 612, 614, 371 A.2d 719 (1977). “If the record shows any evidence or proper inferences from the evidence upon which the trial court could fairly find the appellant guilty, beyond a reasonable doubt, then the verdict should not be disturbed.” Howell v. State, 233 Md. 145, 146-47, 195 A.2d 592 (1963). “Moreover, when evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence in a non-jury trial, the judgment of the trial court will not be set aside on the evidence unless clearly erroneous, giving due regard to the trial court’s opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses.” State v. Raines, 326 Md. 582, 589, 606 A.2d 265 (1992). Appellant asserts that the trial court was required to give him the benefit of the conclusion that would mitigate
In the case sub judice, the trial proceeded based upon an agreed statement of facts. We stated in Barnes v. State, 31 Md.App. 25, 354 A.2d 499 (1976), that
[u]nder an agreed statement of facts both State and the defense agree as to the ultimate facts. Then the facts are not in dispute, and there can be, by definition, no factual conflict. The trier of fact is not called upon to determine the facts as the agreement is to the truth of the ultimate facts themselves. There is no fact-finding function left to perform. To render judgment, the court simply applies the law to the facts agreed upon.
Id. at 35, 354 A.2d 499. In Barnes, when defense counsel moved for judgment of acquittal, the parties had established the facts by agreement; i.e., the facts were undisputed. “There was no conflicting evidence which required resolution to enable the court to determine the facts. All that remained to be done was for the court to apply the law to the undisputed facts of the case.” Id. at 30, 354 A.2d 499. At this point in the trial, however, the court and defense counsel engaged in a discussion concerning the requisite intent under the shoplifting law. During that discussion, defense counsel proffered evidence that directly conflicted with the evidence received by way of stipulation. The court implicitly resolved the disputed facts in favor of the State and rendered a verdict of guilty. This Court reversed that verdict, holding:
There was evidence, which, if found credible, was sufficient in law to support a finding that Barnes concealed the merchandise, and there was evidence, which, if found credible, was sufficient in law to support a finding that Barnes*12 did not conceal the merchandise. As is patent from the verdict, the court resolved this conflict by believing the State’s witness, and accepted that version of what occurred, finding as a fact that Barnes concealed the merchandise. It necessarily follows, that in order to find beyond a reasonable doubt that the offense was committed and that Barnes committed it, the court did not believe Barnes, and rejected her version that she did not conceal the merchandise. Ordinarily, this would be perfectly proper. As we have indicated, it is the function of the trier of fact in such a situation to resolve evidentiary conflicts. In performing this function, it may believe one witness and disbelieve another, for the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given the evidence are matters for it. The rub here is that, in the circumstances, there was no proper basis on which the court could resolve the conflict. Certainly, neither the State’s evidence nor the defense’s evidence was inherently incredible. Neither witness from whom the evidence emanated appeared before the court; the court was merely told what the witnesses would say if they testified. There were simply no factors apparent from the record before us which would enable the court to judge the credibility of either witness, or the reliability of the evidence offered through them. The court expressed no reasons for the finding inherent in its verdict and gave no clue as to why it concluded, in the face of the conflicting evidence, that Barnes concealed the merchandise. As we see it, in the circumstances, the only way the court could have resolved the conflict in the evidence, and made a factual finding that the merchandise was concealed, was by arbitrary choice.
Id. at 34, 354 A.2d 499.
In West v. State, “the evidence presented [was] of a kind that [had] in prior case law supported either of two inferences.” West, 312 Md. at 211, 539 A.2d 231. There, the evidence—possession of a stolen money order—supported either the inference that the appellant was the thief or the inference that the appellant was given the stolen money order by the actual thief, who wanted it converted to cash. In
[T]he facts must shape the inference. [For example,] [i]s the guilty possessor the thief, or is he a receiver of stolen goods? Judges have said that, if nothing more is shown, we may take him to be the thief. But as soon as evidence is offered that the theft was committed by some one else, the inference changes, and he becomes a receiver of stolen goods.
“The problem is a hard one. To solve it we must steadily bear in mind that the inference of guilt to be draw from possession is never one of law. It is an inference of fact. Other facts may neutralize it, or repel it, or render it so remote or tenuous or uncertain that in a given case we should reject it.... If the circumstances make one inference just as reasonable as the other, we must give the defendant the benefit of the conclusion that would mitigate his guilt.”
West, 312 Md. at 211, 539 A.2d 231 (quoting People v. Galbo, 112 N.E. at 1044) (alterations and emphasis added) (citations omitted).
To render a judgment in the case sub judice, the trial court simply had to apply the law to the agreed upon facts. Unlike the West and Jordan cases, the State and the defense in the instant case provided the trial court with a statement of undisputed facts upon which the court could determine appellant’s guilt or innocence. Accordingly, the trial court did not need to weigh the credibility of the evidence to determine the ultimate facts of the case. Unlike the circumstances in West, the circumstances in the case sub judice did not require the trial court to apply the principles espoused in Jordan and
The trial court made clear that “[a]ll of the circumstances in the case would support an inference beyond a reasonable doubt that a murderous intent was proved.” (Emphasis added). In State v. Raines, the Court of Appeals stated that “the determination of an accused’s intention is, in the first instance, for the trial judge, when sitting without a jury, and this determination will not be disturbed on appeal unless clearly erroneous.” Raines, 326 Md. at 590, 606 A.2d 265. The Court in Raines, explained that “intent must be determined by a consideration of the accused’s acts, conduct, and words,” and that, under the proper circumstances, “an intent to kill may be inferred from the use of a deadly weapon directed at a vital part of the human body.” Id. at 591, 606 A.2d 265.
Similarly, in Ford v. State, 330 Md. 682, 625 A.2d 984 (1993), the Court of Appeals held that, although the appellant asserted that he did not intend to hurt anyone, “[a] rational jury could have found that, when [the appellant] threw rocks at the windshields of vehicles travelling at highway speed, he intended to permanently disable any and all occupants of the vehicles.” Id. at 704, 625 A.2d 984. The Court emphasized that “[i]t is a reasonable inference that a ‘natural and probable consequence’ of throwing a large rock through the windshield of a fast moving vehicle is permanent injury of various forms to the vehicle’s occupants.” Id. The situation in the case sub judice is analogous; the trial court reasonably inferred that a natural and probable consequence of an HIV-infected assailant attempting to rape his victim, without using a condom, would be the transmission of the deadly AIDS virus.
In the case sub judice, the trial court ruled that malice and “the requisite intent to MU” could be inferred from appellant’s knowledge that he was infected with HIV, his knowledge that HIV, a fatal disease, could be transmitted through sexual
II.
Appellant also challenges his conviction for assault with intent to murder. It is generally recognized that, to support a charge of assault with intent to murder, there must be proof of both an assault and an intention to murder. Webb v. State, 201 Md. 158, 161, 93 A.2d 80 (1952) (emphasis added). Because of the reasons stated in section I., supra, we affirm appellant’s conviction for assault with intent to murder.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we note that neither party raises the issue of whether appellant’s conviction for attempted second degree murder should be merged with his conviction for assault with intent to murder. In Williams v. State, 323 Md. 312, 593 A.2d 671 (1991), the Court of Appeals of Maryland recognized that “cases elsewhere consistently take the position that where charges of attempted homicide (regardless of degree) and assault with intent to murder ... are based on
the offenses of attempted murder and assault with intent to murder take the place of murder when the defendant intends to kill the victim, acts in furtherance of that intent, but the victim survives. For sentencing purposes, it would be illogical to treat the various homicide offenses as a single offense when the victim dies but not to treat the substitutional offenses of attempted murder and assault with intent to murder as a single offense when the victim lives.
Accordingly, we hold that, for sentencing purposes in the case sub judice, appellant’s conviction for assault with intent to murder should merge into appellant’s conviction for attempted second degree murder.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED. SENTENCE VACATED, CASE REMANDED TO THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY FOR RESENTENCING IN ACCORDANCE WITH THIS OPINION. COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
Great cases, like hard cases, make bad law. For great cases are called great, not by reason of their real importancé in shaping the law of the future, but because of some accident of immediate overwhelming interest which appeals to the feelings and distorts the judgement.[
By any standard of reason or logic, this is not a great case, and it should certainly not be deemed a hard case. Yet in one respect it does seem to fit Justice Holmes’s definition of a great case: appellant’s admittedly atrocious conduct undoubtedly appeals to the feelings and, I believe, has distorted the judgment of my brethren.
[U]nder an agreed statement of facts both State and the defense agree as to the ultimate facts. Then the facts are not in dispute, and there can be, by definition, no factual conflict. The trier of facts is not called upon to determine the facts as the agreement is to the truth of the ultimate facts themselves. There is no fact finding function left to perform. To render judgment, the court simply applies the law to the facts agreed upon.
Unfortunately, what Chief Judge Orth wrote for this Court in Barnes is not completely accurate. The parties have agreed on certain facts, and as to those facts there is no dispute. But I daresay that no agreed statement of facts is ever complete; the trial judge has to flesh out the agreed facts by drawing inferences as to other material facts that the parties have not stipulated. In this case, there is one fact, absolutely essential to guilt or innocence of the crimes of attempted murder and assault with intent to murder, that needs to be found by the trier of fact: appellant’s intent or state of mind, which, according to Lord Bowen’s famous aphorism, “is as much a fact as the state of his digestion.”
In this case, the trial judge inferred from the facts agreed upon that when appellant raped or attempted to rape the women he and his accomplice had abducted and robbed at gunpoint, he intended to kill them by infecting them with the deadly disease that he knew he could transmit by sexual intercourse without using a condom.
I agree with the majority opinion that an intent to kill the victims can be inferred from the agreed facts. Appellant was HIV positive and knew it, and he also knew that the disease could be transmitted by “unsafe sex.” He was, therefore, aware that in raping his victims he might infect them with a
The difficulty is that from those same agreed facts an inference may also be drawn by a somewhat different state of mind: an intent to rape each of the victims, with a reckless disregard for the risk of infecting them with the deadly virus he carried. That is not the same as an intent to kill; it is the wanton, reckless indifference that signifies a depraved heart and that justified appellant’s conviction for reckless endangerment. It is not the state of mind required for a conviction of either attempted murder or assault with intent to murder. Those are specific intent crimes, the specific intent required being an intent to murder. State v. Earp, 319 Md. 156, 162, 571 A.2d 1227 (1990) (attempted murder); Webb v. State, 201 Md. 158, 161, 93 A.2d 80 (1952) (assault with intent to murder). The specific intent to murder is the specific intent to Mil under circumstances that would not legally justify or excuse the killing or mitigate it to manslaughter.
The question then arises as to whether one may properly be convicted of a crime requiring a specific intent upon evidence from which the trier of fact can infer either that specific intent or a general malevolence. The test to be applied in determin
Of course, in this case, there were no witnesses and thus no opportunity for the judge to assess anyone’s credibility. There was an agreed statement of facts from which conflicting inferences can be drawn. If the inference consistent with guilt, i.e., the inference that appellant intended to kill his victims by infecting them with a deadly, incurable disease, were one whit, jot, tittle, or iota stronger than the alternative inference that appellant’s intent or state of mind was one of reckless indifference for the lives of his rape victims, I would have no hesitancy in agreeing with my brethren that the convictions must be affirmed.
A reasonable trier of fact, either a judge or jury, may reasonably choose to draw an inference consistent with the guilt of the accused if it is stronger, i.e., more logical and more reasonable, than the alternative inference consistent with innocence. In this case, however, the inference of murderous intent is not a stronger, more reasonable inference than the alternative inference of depraved heart reckless indifference. Indeed, the inference of intent to murder by infecting his victims with a deadly incurable disease is, I suggest, far weaker and less reasonable than the alternative. Appellant was armed with a gun, which he used to accomplish both the robbery and the rape of each of his victims by threatening to shoot them. There was, undoubtedly, an intent to rob and an intent to rape. But is it more or less likely that one infected
The cases from Texas, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Washington that are cited in the majority opinion are of no assistance in resolving the issue presented in this case. None of them involved conflicting inferences as to the intent of the defendant. Indeed, in Weeks v. State, 834 S.W.2d 559 (Tex.Ct.App.1992), and State v. Smith, 262 N.J.Super. 487, 621 A.2d 493 (App.Div.1993), the matter of the defendant’s state of mind was not an issue on appeal—the intent to kill was conceded; the issue in Weeks was whether one infected with the AIDS virus could kill someone by spitting on him, and the issue in Smith was whether one could be convicted of attempted murder if the evidence is unclear as to whether it is possible for someone with the virus to kill another person by biting him. In the other cases, there was either clear evidence of the requisite intent to kill or injure or no reasonable inference could be drawn of a contrary intent. In this case, from the agreed statement of facts, two different, mutually exclusive states of mind are inferable: the stronger, more reasonable inference is one of reckless indifference; the weaker, less reasonable inference is of a specific intent to kill.
I do not believe that a reasonable trier of fact can reasonably draw the weaker inference and thus be persuaded of appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
West v. State, 312 Md. 197, 539 A.2d 231 (1988), involved the inferences that may be drawn from the defendant’s possession of recently stolen property. Someone had snatched the victim’s purse. The defendant, accompanied by a youth, later tried to cash a money order that had been in the victim’s
As Judge Cardozo pointed out in Galbo, if nothing more is shown, it is proper to draw the inference that the person in possession of recently stolen property is the thief, but as soon as evidence is offered that the theft was committed by someone else, the inference changes, and he becomes a receiver of stolen goods. The inference of guilt to be drawn from possession is one of fact, not of law.
Other facts may neutralize it, or repel it, or render it so remote or tenuous or uncertain that in a given case we should reject it.... If the circumstances make one inference just as reasonable as the other, we must give the defendant the benefit of the conclusion that would mitigate his guilt.
112 N.E. at 1044 (citation omitted). Quoting and relying on that passage from Galbo, the Court of Appeals in West, upon finding that there was evidence weighing against the inference that the defendant was the thief (the failure of the victim’s
At first glance, the proposition that in the absence of any other evidence the court may find the possessor of recently stolen goods guilty of theft may appear to be inconsistent with the proposition that, if each of two inferences are equally reasonable, the defendant must be given the benefit of the conclusion that would mitigate his guilt. The two propositions may, however, be reconciled by recognizing that the inference that the possessor was the thief is a more reasonable inference than that he was merely a receiver. The latter requires an additional inference, not supported by any additional facts, that some unknown^ person stole the property and then delivered it to the defendant.
In this case, as pointed out above, there are facts that tend to make the inference of an intent to murder the victim weaker and less reasonable than the inference of a depraved, reckless indifference to the risk of the victim dying of AIDS. There is, of course, the fact that appellant was armed with a gun, which is a far more effective weapon than a penis for accomplishing the death of the victim. There is the fact that other specific intents, ie., the intent to rob and the intent to rape, were clearly present. It seems to be an unreasonable stretch of the imagination to infer a third specific intent—the intent to kill—occupying the mind of the robber/rapist while he committed the other offenses.
Accordingly, on the basis of the holdings of the Court of Appeals in West and Jordan, and the language of Judge Cardozo in Galbo that the Court of Appeals quoted and relied upon in West and Jordan, I believe that the trial court was clearly erroneous in drawing the weaker of two inferences as to appellant’s state of mind in order to find that appellant entertained the express intent to kill the victim by infecting her with the AIDS virus. I do not believe that such a finding
. Holmes, J., Northern Securities Co. v. United States, 193 U.S. 197, 401-02, 24 S.Ct. 436, 468, 48 L.Ed. 679, 726 (1904).
. Edgington v. Fitzmaurice, 29 Ch.Div. 459, 483 (1885).
. In Davis, the Court said, "The deliberate selection and use of a deadly weapon directed at a vital part of the body is a circumstance which indicates a desire to kill, since in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the law presumes that one intends the natural and probable consequences of his act.” (Emphasis added.) In Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S.Ct. 2450, 61 L.Ed.2d 39 (1979), however, the Supreme Court held that a jury instruction that stated, "The law presumes that a person intends the ordinary consequences of his voluntary acts,” deprived the defendant of his right to due process of law. "Presumption” thus gave way to "inference,” which does not suggest either a "burden shifting presumption” that would violate Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 686, 95 S.Ct. 1881, 1883, 44 L.Ed.2d 508 (1975), or a “conclusive presumption” in violation of Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 72 S.Ct. 240, 96 L.Ed. 288 (1952).
