282 Mass. 249 | Mass. | 1933
A large, covered automobile van and a street railway car collided on a public highway through the concurrent negligence of the motorman and the driver of the van. The plaintiff, who was a fellow servant of the driver, was at the time of the collision inside the van, engaged in the course of his employment in holding up the freight with which the van was loaded so that it would not fall. The van was so constructed that the plaintiff from his position could see nothing of the driver or of the movements of the vehicle or of other traffic in the street. The duties of the driver and the plaintiff were wholly distinct and separate. The trial judge in the District Court found that it was impossible for the plaintiff to have seen or guarded against the accident. The defendant made the
Negligence of the defendant’s motorman acting concurrently with that of the driver of the van caused injury to the plaintiff. Ordinarily and in sound reason, such a defendant should be required to compensate a plaintiff who was himself exercising adequate care. Shultz v. Old Colony Street Railway, 193 Mass. 309, 321. It is the defendant’s contention that the plaintiff’s injury, to the causation of which its employee contributed, should go uncompensated by it because of the fact that the driver of the van was also a negligent contributor. This contention, that the ordinary rule does not govern, to be sound must rest on some relationship existing between the plaintiff and the driver whereby, in the view of the law, wrongful conduct of the driver so affects the plaintiff’s rights that the defendant is relieved from responsibility for the consequences of the negligence of its motorman.
No relationship in any way resembling that of master and servant existed between the driver of the van and the plaintiff at the time of the accident. Their duties were wholly distinct and separate. The operation of the motor van was delegated by their common employer entirely to the driver. Not only did the plaintiff have no right, but the performance of the duties in which he was engaged at the time of the accident afforded no opportunity, to direct or control the driver in the operation of the van. Nor can the doctrine of common or joint enterprise here have application as affecting the right of the plaintiff to recover for the negligence chargeable to the defendant, because the plaintiff and the driver did not have equality of right in the
There was here no such relationship between plaintiff and driver, either permanent or temporarily existent at the time of the accident, as to bar the plaintiff from recovery against the defendant if the plaintiff was personally in the exercise of due care. Since the plaintiff was not in a position to observe the driver’s conduct in the operation of the van or the constantly changing conditions and problems of traffic which confronted the driver, we need not here discuss the obligations of the plaintiff as to the use of care if he had been so placed. There was no evidence that prior to the instant of the accident the van had been driven in such an erratic, improper or dangerous manner perceptible to one in the plaintiff’s position that the obligation was thereby put upon him to take active measures for his own safety. Only a second or two intervened between the driver’s act of negligence and the collision and there is no basis for a finding that the plaintiff’s actual conduct while riding within the van was lacking in due care.
The defendant in its request in effect contends that the mere fact that the plaintiff was riding in a position where he was necessarily unable to see anything outside the van, however careful he might be, gives the defendant immunity from
Although the plaintiff was not riding gratuitously as a guest, he was certainly in no worse position than if he were a guest in suing a third person for negligently causing him injury. Where “an adult person . . . personally in the exercise of that degree of care, which common prudence requires under all the attending circumstances, is injured through the negligence of some third person and the concurring negligence of one with whom the plaintiff is riding as guest or companion” (where no special relationship exists), he “is entitled to recover against the one through whose wrong his injuries were sustained.” Shultz v. Old Colony Street Railway, 193 Mass. 309, 322, 323. A guest who has “negligently abandoned” the exercise of his own faculties and trusted entirely to the care and caution of the driver may thereby be barred from recovery. Lambert v. Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway, 240 Mass. 495, 500. Shultz v. Old Colony Street Railway, 193 Mass. 309, 323. Barry v. Harding, 244 Mass. 588, 593. Oppenheim v. Barkin, 262 Mass. 281, 284. The last cited case does not involve the rights of a plaintiff riding in one vehicle against the negligent driver of another since it was an action by guest against host, but the rule that in an action against a third person the surrender of all care in order to bar the plaintiff must be a negligent surrender is recognized and stated. Further
The finding in favor of the plaintiff necessarily included the finding that the plaintiff was not lacking in due care. The evidence, to say the least, did not require the judge to conclude that the plaintiff’s conduct either in entering the van and there taking the position that he did or while riding in that position up to the time of the collision was not that of a person of ordinary prudence under the circumstances. The evidence warranted the trial judge’s finding in favor of the plaintiff. There is nothing contrary to the conclusion here reached in Fogg v. New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 223 Mass. 444, or in other cases cited by the defendant. Taking the Fogg case as typical of others it is to be noted that in that case there was no evidence that the plaintiffs’ intestate exercised any care. When the court says (page 448), “If Mrs. Fogg trusted to the care and caution of her husband, her administrator cannot recover,” it is speaking of one in full possession of her faculties and with opportunity for observation and action who in a dangerous situation, affirmatively calling for personal care on her part, exercised none; in other words a situation where it would manifestly be negligent wholly to abandon all care to the caution her
Order dismissing report affirmed.