Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron Co. v. Molbley, 139 Ala. 425

139 Ala. 425 | Ala. | 1903

McCLELLAN, C. J.

The case is to lie considered here as if tried below on the 3d, 5th, 6th and 7th counts of the complaint.

The 3d count ascribes intestate’s death to the negligence of an engineer in charge of an engine, but it does not aver that the engine was on a railway. This fact is essential to a cause of action under sub-section 5 of section 1749 of the Code. — Whatley v. Zenida Coal Co., 122 Ala. 118. The allegation of the count may afford ground for an inference that the engine was on a railway in-that it is referred to as a “switch engine,” and it is said that defendant was there operating locomotives and switch engines in the handling of material, etc., but essential facts of this character cannot be left to inference and conjecture in a complaint. The court erred in overruling defendant’s demurrer to this count. The other, ground of demurrer to the third count, that it did not specify the alleged negligence of the engineer, was without merit.

The 5th count sufficiently states a cause of action, and the demurrer to it was properly overruled.

The demurrer to the 6th count presents an important question and one which involves some difficulty. It is whether pieces of timber commonly used by furnace companies to scotch or chock hot-pots and hold them in position on inclined tracks on slag piles, while they cool, are any part of the “ways, works, machinery, or plant connected with or used in the business of” such companies, within the meaning of clause 1 of section 1749 of the Code. In Ga. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Brooks, 84 Ala. 138, it seems to have been assumed that a hammer used in driving spikes into cross-ties to secure and hold the rails of a railway, was not a part of the ways, works, or plant of the railway company, and it was decided such hammer was not machinery within the meaning of the statute. This decision is undoubtedly sound; but it is not so clear that the -apparent assumption referred to is warranted. This hammer, according to the authorities, was no part of the “ways” of the defendant company, nor of its “works,” but may it not have been “plant” within the meaning of the statute? In Birmingham Furnace & Manufacturing Co. v. Gross, Admr., 97 Ala. 220, 229, it is in effect declared that a failure to furnish proper tools and instruments for doing the work in hand does not constitute a defect in the ways, works, machinery or plant of the employer, and it was there held that the furnishing of a -ladder for a workman to stand upon while making repairs, where the erection of a temporary scaffold to that end would have more certainly conserved his safety, entailed no liability on the employer under the statute as for a defect in the condition of the ways, works, machinery, or plant of the defendant; the ladder having fallen and the workman having been injured in consequence. So in Clements v. Ala. Gr. So. R. R. Co., 127 Ala. 166, it was declared that a steel bar used in prizing up rails on the employer's track, “being disconnected from any other mechanical appliances, and operated simply by muscular strength directly applied, is not machinery in the meaning of the statute.” It seems to have been assumed in this case, as in Ga. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Brooks, supra, that the implement in question was not a part of the ways, works or plant of the defendant, but nothing is said in the opinion to that effect. A later expression is found in Southern Railway Co. v. Moore, 128 Ala. 434, 450. The article involved there was a rope used in lowering heavy timbers into place in the construction of a bridge. This court said in respect of a count of the complaint ascribing plaintiff’s injuries to a defect in this rope that * * “the rope as used on the occasion of the plaintiff’s injuries was not a part of the ways, works, machinery or plant of the defendant, and the demurrer to the count of the complaint, which averred a defect in the rope, etc., as the cause of the injury, should have1 been sustained.” Bo far as these several cases may be taken as declaring that the tools, implements and appliances referred to constituted no part of the plant connected with, or used in the business of the defendants in them respectively, within the meaning of the statute, their soundness is very questionable. The doctrine of general acceptance in other jurisdictions is that the statute term “plant” comprises whatever apparatus, fixtures, or tools a master uses in his business. — Dresser’s Employer’s Liability, § 48. Thus it has been adjudged in England and Scotland that a horse used in the business of the master is “plant” and that viciousness of disposition is a “defect in the condi-lion” of such plant. In the English case the court said: “ ‘Plant,’ in its ordinary sense, includes whatever apparatus is used by a business man for carrying on his business, — not his stock in trade, which he buys or buys or makes for sale, — but all goods or chattels, fixed or movable, live or dead, which he keeps for permanent employment in his business.” — Yarmouth v. France, 19 Q. B. Div. 645; s. c. Eng. Ruling Cas. 217; Houston v. Edinburg Mt. Tramways Co. 14 Rettie Ct. Sess. Cas. 621. The Supreme Court of Georgia defines “plant” as meaning fixtures and tools necessary to carry on any trade or mechanical business. — Liberty County L. & L. Co. v. Barnes, 77 Ga. 748. “Small tools and appliances” says Mr. Dresser, “are included within its meaning,’ instancing ladders, and citing Weblin v. Ballard, 13 Q. B. Div. 122, and Gripps v. Judge, 13 Q. B. Div. 583. The supplying and keeping in proper condition of tools, implements and appliances necessary and reasonably adequate to the carrying on of his business is the duty of the employer at common law. .The prime purpose of our statute is in no sense to restrict this duty or liability for the consequences of its pretermission, but to obviate all doubt and question there might be as to the existence of the liability in respect of an injured employe when the duty had been devolved upon another employe and been negelected by him. The purpose in the main,, in other words, was and is to eliminate the doctrine of fellow servants, and to leave no doubt that the employer is liable in the cases set down in the statute to an employe, for injuries resulting from the negligence of a fellow servant as if the injured employe were a stranger. These considerations, it seems to us, enforce the conclusion that any injury resulting to an employe from the negligence of the employer, or of another employe intrusted by the common master with the duty of seeing that his plant is in proper condition, in not providing suitable tools, implements or appliances, or in allowing such tools, implements or appliances to be in a defective condition, is within the statute. Whether there may be a distinction in this .connection between tools and appliances used in the repair of the ways, works or mancbinery, and the tools, implements and appliances used in the regular prosecution of the business of the emplo*yer — whether a hammer, crow.-bar or rope used in the work of repairing the track of a railway may not be “plant connected with, or used in the business” of a railway, company, while chock blocks of constant necessary use in the regular business of a furnace company to hold its slag cars — hotpots — in place on inclined tracks while they cool, are to be considered as a part of the plant — we need not decide in this case, though it would seem there is little basis for such a distinction. Be that as it may, however, we are satisfied on principle and authority, that the chocks referred to in the 6th count constituted a part of the “plant” of the defedant company, as that term is used in the statute. The demurrer to that count predicated as it was, on the contrary theory, ivas properly overruled.

The 7th count ascribes intestate’s injury and death to defects in the condition of defendant’s works, macMn-ery or plant, and then particularizes only defects in defendant’s’ ways; but this point of objection is not taken by the demurrer. The grounds which were assigned were not well taken.

The first plea interposed, “not guilty,” is the only proper general traverse of a complaint in this class of actions. The second and third pleas were improper and redundant. — Code, § 3295. The court did not err in striking them.

Pleas 4, 5 and 6 were interposed to counts one and two, which, as we have said, are not to be considered as having been in the case at the trial. It is unnecessary, therefore, to review the trial court’s rulings on the demurrers to those pleas.

Demurrers were sustained to a number of pleas which undertook to set up contributory negligence. These pleas were each either abstractly insufficient or they were had for that they severally purported to answer all the counts of the complaint and in point of fact did not do so. Moreover, other pleas of contributory.negligence remained in the case under which it was open to the defendant to prove this defense in every aspect. There is equally no occasion to discuss these pleas in detail.

The objection of the defendant to the testimony of the witness M. J Mobley, to the effect that he was familiar with the tracks of the Georgia Pacific and other well regulated railroads, and that the cinder track on which the intestate was killed, “was not like the tracks of other well regulated railroads/’ should have been sustained. The track used by a furnace company to transport and dump slag on its cinder pile by means of hot-pots and switch engines, is a very different thing from the track of a railroad company. It is short. It is not used to carry passengers or the property of others. The weight it has to bear is not comparable to the weight constantly home by the tracks of railroads which are common carriers, nor is the speed of vehicles upon it anything like that necessary in trains upon regular railroads. It need not, therefore, be so heavily or strongly constructed. It generally involves a grade which would be inadmissible in ordinary railroads. It miglit well be better constructed for the uses to which it is to be put than an ordinary railroad track, and yet not be so well constructed in a general sense as such track. It might even be bet-tec constructed ih a general sense than the usual track of a well constructed railroad, and yet not be like the track of well regulated railroads. The track of a,well-regulated cross-country railroad furnished no- standard of comparison, and no criterion of excellence as to a furnace company’s tracks laid on its cinder pile for the sole purpose of carting off the slag from the furnace. The fact that such cinder tracks are not like the tracks of well regulated cross-country railroads is not pertinent to the issue whether the cinder tracks are defectively constructed, and throws no legitimate light upon it. Of course, they are not constructed, and have no need to be constructed and maintained, like the tracks of railroads generally.

The witness, Joe West, had had many years experience in moving hot-pots about a furnace and was familiar with the work. It was shown that hot-pots were moved by coupling a locomotive to them. He should have been allowed to testify “whether it ivas dangerous or safe to attempt to couple an engine and a hot-pot together when the draw-bar is in the hot-pot and not in the engine, on an incline track.”

The other exceptions to rulings on the admissibility of testimony are without merit.

Charge 2, requested by the defendant, viz: “If you believe the evidence in this case, plaintiff cannot recover under the third count of the complaint,” should have been given. This count avers that “the injuries from which the said Joseph P..Mobley (the intestate) directly resulted from and was caused by the negligence of one John Williams, who was also working for the defendant in the capacity of locomotive engineer, and who had charge and control of said switch engine which caught and crushed the plaintiff as aforesaid,” etc.,' etc. We will not set out here the evidence as to the conduct of the engineer on the occasion in question. It will suffice to say, that it is free from conflict to show that every act done by the engineer in the premises was characterized by due care and caution, that each was a proper act in itself, and, moreover, that each was done in careful compliance with signals given by Mobley himself, which it was the engineer’s duty to comply with, and, finally, that there is not a scintilla of evidence tending to show the omission of proper action on his part.

The affirmative charge requested by defendant as to the 5th count of the complaint should also have been given. That count ascribes Mobley’s death to the absence of a head light from the engine, to the front of which he, in the night time, was attempting to couple a hot-pot. It was shown on the trial that the regular head-light of the engine — the lamp which sits in a framé or glass inclosure, high up in front of the engine before a. concave reflector — was absent on the occasion of the accident. But the uncontroverted evidence was that a torch was placed in front of and outside the glass door of this recess, that this torch was burning at the time and that it gave a better light for Mobley’s purpose — the coupling together of the engine and hot-pot — -than the regular headlight would have given, for the reason that the light of the torch was upon the drawhead of the engine and upon the track immediately in front of the engine with which Mobley was concerned, whereas the rays of the regular headlight would have passed above the clrawhead and the immediate track. We say that this evidence was uncontroverted having in mind the statement of one of plaintiff’s witnesses that there was no light on the front of the engine when he arrived on the scene sometime — probable a half hour — after the accident, for we do not regard this testimony as being in conflict with the positive statements of all the witnesses who were present at the time of the accident, witnesses called both by the plaintiff and defendant, that the torch was there and gave a better light for the business Mobley had in hand than the regular headlight would have given. It was also shown without conflict that there was another torch on the running board beside the boiler, that Mobley himself had a lighted lantern, and that he knew at all times pending the attempt he was making the precise position of the engine, the draw-bar, and the hot-pot. Upon these considerations, we rest our conclusions that there was no evidence tending to support the 5th count in respect of its essential averment that the defect it specifies caused the death of plaintiff’s iutestate, and that on the case presented by that count the affirmative charge should have been given for the defendant.

There was some evidence, tending to show that the proper chock for scotching the wheels of hot-pots on these cinder tracks is a piece of plank or other timber sufficiently long to rest on both rails of the track and against a wheel on each, that a chock not of this length, but sufficiently long to rest on one rail against a wheel is an unadapted, inadequate and, in that sense, a defective chock, for that when the engine comes against the hot-pot for the purpose of being coupled to it, the effect is to release the chock from the bite of the wheel, so that it will fall off the rail and leave nothing to prevent the hot-pot from running down the incline, if there should be a failure to effect the coupling, as sometimes happens, whereas the chock extending across both rails would remain in place under these circumstances, aud prevent the hot-pot running down the track. There was also seme evidence tending to show that the defendant supplied chocks of this short and inadequate variety, and it was open to inference by the jury, that is, there was enough evidence to carry the question to the jury, that the use of this short chock was the cause of the injury and death of the intestate. On this state of the case, we cannot say the court erred in refusing to give tbe affirmative charge requested by the defendant as to the 6th count.

On another trial, with the testimony of M. J. Mobley, as to this cinder track being not like the tracks of regular, cross-country roads, excluded, and the other evidence as to the structure and condition of the track where the accident occurred the same as on the trial under review, it will be a question for the jury whether the track Avas in a defective condition, and whether such condition, if they find it to have existed, was the proximate cause of Mobley’s death. Of course, if it shall appear that this condition had existed for some time to Mob-ley’s knowledge, that it Aras a defective condition Avith reference to the safety of switchmen attempting to ■couple engines and hot-pots on the track, and thus to the apprehension of a man of ordinary care and prudence, and he continued in the work of coupling there Avithout giving notice of the defect and being recently assured that it Avoulcl be remedied, he is to be held to haA’e assumed the risk incident to it.

We are not prepared to say as matter of laAV that the evidence shoAA'ed that Mobley ivas guilty of contributory negligence AAdiich Avould bar a recoA^ery under counts 6 and 7. Therefore, in our opinion, the affirmative charge upon the Achole complaint Avas properly refused, there being, as we have seen, evidence to go to the jury under the 6th and 7th counts.

The foregoing opinion Avill suffice for the purpose of another trial, and Ave will not prolong it by entering upon a consideration of the numerous exceptions relating to the charges.

Reversed and remanded.