22 F. Cas. 299 | D. Me. | 1849
It is admitted in this case, that the services have been performed, and that the wages are due. Some question was made on the evidence as to the balance that remains unpaid. Two charges of ten dollars each, made by the master for money advanced before the termina-, tion of the service, are objected to by the libellant. To prove these, the master produced his memorandum book, in which these sums were charged; and this, with his suppletory oath, would be sufficient as prima facie evidence even if the suit were against the master himself. They stand charged in the same book, which contains all the other charges, which are not objected to, and which agree with the account kept by the libellant himself. They are the two last charges in the account; and, at the time of his discharge, the parties came to a settlement, and a draft or order was given, and accepted by the mate, for the balance found due. In this settlement these sums were allowed, and it appears without objection at the time. I see no objection to their allowance now.
The important question in the case is, however, whether the respondents are liable for the wages. The schooner was let by a parol contract, by which the master, as hirer, was to have the possession and control of the vessel, was to navigate, to victual, and to man her at his own charge, and employ her in such business as he should choose, and to render to the owners, for the use of the vessel, one-half of her earnings. It was objected at the argument, that it was not competent to a party to prove such a lease of a vessel by parol evidence, at least to affect the rights of third persons. It is true that by the general maritime law, it is held that the title to vessels must be shown by writing — [The Sisters, 5 C. Rob. Adm. 159] 3 Kent, Comm. 130 — and the contract of letting and hiring also should regularly be. and usually is, proved by a charter-party in writing. But it has been held by a variety of decisions in tins country, that such a i>arol lease is valid, not only between the parties, but to conclude the rights of third persons, who are strangers to it. It seems also to be settled by the general current of the decisions, that under a letting of the vessel herself, whether by a written charter or parol contract, when the possession of the vessel is transferred to the hirer, and he appoints the master and crew, and sails her at his own expense, and has the entire control, that he is to be considered. with respect to third persons contracting with tiie master, as the owner, and that he succeeds to all the rights and liabilities of the owners. The general owners, or proprietors, have then no lien on the merchandise, for freight, nor are they personally liable for supplies furnished to the vessel on the contract of the master, but the hirer is substituted in their place, both as to their rights and liabilities. 3 Kent, Comm. 136; Conk. Jur. Law & Prac. Adm. 135. Nor does it make any difference, according to the decisions, though the charterer goes himself as master. Reeve v. Davis, 1 Adol. & E. 315. The cases in this country go further, and decide, when a vessel is taken by the master on the terms that this was, and he is to have the control, and direct the employment of her, and the earnings are to be divided between him and the owners, that this is to be considered as a lease or charter of the vessel. The master is held, under such an agreement, to be the special owner, and the general owners are not liable on his contracts for supplies furnished the vessels while thus employed. Taggard v. Loring. 16 Mass. 336; Emery v. Hersey, 4 Greenl. 407; Thompson v. Hamilton, 12 Pick. 425; Cutler v. Thurlo, 20 Me. 213; Thompson v. Snow, 4 Greenl. 264; Cutler v. Winsor, 6 Pick. 335.
But it is evident, when the owners put their vessel into tlie possession of the master on such terms, that the contract is of a mixed and somewhat ambiguous character. In one aspect, it may bq. •. msidered as' a charter of the vessel, and r. lis as a mode adopted to determine the amount of the charter, or hire, to be paid. Viewed in another light, it partakes of the nature of a partnership, in which one partner furnishes the capital, and the other contributes his time and labor in the transaction of the business': nnd the profits to be divided. In a third view, it may be considered as a contract of hiring of the master, he to receive a share of the earnings of the vessel, instead of a certain and stipulated sum for his wages. In the various cases in which the subject has been brought before the courts for adjudication, it has been presented in these various lights; and without any great violation of legal analogies, or legal principles, the contract may be considered ' as belonging to one class or the other. In a case before Lord Ellenborough (Dry v. Boswell. 1 Camp. 329) the evidence, first offered, being that the owners and masters wer.e to share equally in the profits,' he declared that it was a partnership adventure, and that the master and owners were liable as copartners; a joint participation of profit and loss constituting a partnership; and when, on further evidence, it
But though this is the general language of the authorities, there are exceptions. The case of Rich v. Coe, Cowp. (130. is a strong decision the other way. Lord Mansfield, in delivering the.unanimous opinion of tlje court in that ease, observed that whoever furnished supplies to a vessel, on a contract made by the master, has a three-fold security: 1. The person of the master. 2. The specific ship. 3. The personal liability of the owners; and, he added, that it makes no difference in the liability of the owners, that there is a private agreement between them and the master, by which he is to furnish the supplies and keep the ship in repair, unless the creditor has notice of the contract, and gives credit to the master individually.
It is admitted, however, that the current of judicial decisions is in favor of exempting the owner's from their liability ■ for ordinary supplies, while the vessel is employed under such a contract. But no decision has yet gone so far as to relieve them from their liability for seamen’s wages. Curt. Merch. Seam. p. 336. The seamen have always this triple security, besides a direct hypothecary interest in the freight; and in all ages of the maritime law, their claim for wages has been highly favored, both on the ground of general-commercial policy, and from the consideration of their own habits of carelessness and characteristic improvidence. They habitually enter into their engagements in reliance on these securities, and they ought not. on principles of public policy and natural justice, to be deprived of them by any refined and subtle distinctions of law. which are so alien from all their habits of thought and. action.
This form of contract, of letting vessels to the master, to be employed on shares, has become very common in this part of the country, especially with respect to small vessels employed in the coasting trade. The master to whom the vessel is intrusted by the owners, is usually an enterprising and industrious young man, but ord’narily of limited pecuniary responsibility; c r as soon as he acquires sufficient capital or credit, he becomes a part owner himself. These contracts are almost invariably by parol, and the terms are settled by a well-understood usage. " The master, under the usage, is to bear the whole expense of victualing and managing her. The port charges in the various ports visited, are first to be paid from the gross earnings of the vessel, and the balance of the freight is to be divided in equal shares between the master and owners. The seamen often, and perhaps /usually, have no knowledge of this private contract between the master and owners, and they engage their services in reliance upon the ordinary security, which the general 'marine law gives them. If this mode of letting the ship to the master, to be employed on shares, relieves the owners from their liability for wages, the contract will operate on the seamen, probably in a great majority of instances, as a perfect surprise. After the termination of his service, he finds one part, and an important part, of his security, the personal liability of the owner, is gone, under a private contract unknown to him; and that of the master may be, and often will be, worthless. There remain, it is true, the freight and
But I do not put the decision of the ease on this ground alone. There is another, on which I think the owners are bound for the wages. By the ancient maritime law, the title of seamen to wages is made to depend on the issue of the adventure for which they are engaged. Unlike other contracts of hiring, their right to compensation does not depend alone on the fidelity and skill with which they perform the services for which they engage; but with whatever perseverance and courage they exert themselves, their right to compensation is suspended on contingencies, which may af-feet the ultimate result of the voyage; it is made dependent on what has been termed the fortune of the vessel. What, then, is this fortune to which the seamen must look? The ship, says Bmerigon, in the condition in which she was at the time of her departure from the port of outfit, together with all the freight which is gained in the course of the voyage, form that fortune of the vessel, which constitutes the pledge to the seamen for their wages. Trait Des Assurances, c. 17, § 11. The privileged hypothecation, then, he adds, allowed to the mariners, comprehends every part of the ship, and every part of the freight, according to the nature of hypothecation, which is tota et in toto, — tota in qualibet parte. Their privileged lien is entire over the whole, and is entire in every part. The ship and the freight, with respect to wages, form one mass, and all that remains of either, at the end of the voyage, is pledged for their payment. The contract of the mariners, Emerigon goes on to say, is a species of copartnership. It is not indeed a partnership as to all the effects of that contract, but as to some of its consequences; for the seamen have no claim to a re-numeration, but to the extent of the effects embarked in the enterprise, which they bring home. If all is lost, the mariners lose their wages, and they cannot then enforce the pay-ent, by a personal action against the master or owners. But if all is not lost, whatever remains of the ship or freight, is specifically pledged for their payment. Breight earned and put ashore is saved from the effect of a supervening shipwreck, by which all that remains is lost. It is a partnership fund, that has entered the common chest, and is hy-potheeated to the seamen for their wages.
It is now more than twenty years since I was first called upon to examine this right of the seamen, to claim their wages out of the earnings of the vessel. It was in the very ably contested case of Poland v. The Spartan [Case No. 11,246]. In that case, it was held, that when goods of the owners themselves are shipped, they owed freight to the vessel; and though no stipulated freight could be agreed, that the seamen could proceed against the goods in specie, to enforce their rights to the amount of a reasonable freight, to be determined boni viri arbitrio. I am not ignorant that the doctrine was then considered, by some of the profession, as somewhat startling, for its supposed novelty and boldness. But
I am aware of the dictum in the case of Sheppard v. Taylor, 5 Pet. [30 U. S.] 712, that “the cargo is not in any manner hypothecated or subjected to the claim of wages.” This was but a dictum, and the point was not necessarily involved in the cause. It may be true that the cargo is not directly, but it certainly is indirectly bound for the wages. Por it is a first principle of the maritime law, that the cargo is bound to the vessel for the freight, and another equally ancient and undoubted, that the freight is pledged for the wages. Indirectly. therefore, to the amount of the freight due upon it, the cargo is bound for the wages. The master is not obliged to deliver it until the freight is paid or secured, and if not paid, he may sell so much as is necessary to pay the freight. The seamen may, therefore, indirectly, through the master, proceed against the cargo itself, for their wages to the amount of the freight due. When the owners of the ship are the owners of the cargo, the seamen's claim on the freight can be enforced in no other manner but through the merchandise; and I see no objection in principle or convenience. to allowing the seamen to do that directly in their own name, which they may do indirectly through that of the master. Sucli was evidently the opinion of the English court of admiralty, in the case of The Lady Durham. 3 Hagg. Adm. 1!>G. The court says that ■“a mariner has no lien on the cargo, as cargo. His lien is on the ship, and on the freight as appurtenant to the ship; and so far as the cargo is subject to freight, he may attach it, as a security for the freight that may be due.” The doctrine maintained in the ease of The Spartan seems also to have met the approbation of Judge Conklin. In his learned and valuable treatise on the Law and Practice of the Admiralty (pages 75, 76). he says *hat “it is recommended by persuasive considerations of justice, and supported by strong analogies in the undisputed principles of the maritime law.”
It appears by the testimony of the master, who was examined as a witness in the case for the respondents, that he has paid over to them, at different times, $600, and that on a cargo of lumber carried for them the freight was $300, which has not been paid to him, but remains as a part of the earnings of the vessel in their hands. In addition to this, the freight, on the cargo brought home in the vessel on her return to Bath, was received and collected by one of the owners, and is now in their hands. Now every dollar of this money was hypothecated to the seamen, as soon as it was earned, for their wages. To the amount due to them, it was their own hard earnings, and whoever received it as freight, received it súbject to their claims. As the freight, says Emerigon, is the fruit of the vessel, it is just that it should first be appropriated to pay the wages of those whose labor has produced it. This designation of freight is derived from the nature of things, while their privilege against the vessel is against common right. Assurances, c. 17, § 11, No. 3. It is true, that when the master pays to a creditor the money which he receives as freight, the seamen cannot follow it into the hands of such creditor. For it does not pass into his hands carrying with it the quality of freight. But to the owners, in this case, it is paid over as part of the earnings of the vessel, that is, as freight. It is said, indeed, that is paid to them, not as freight, but as charter for the hire of the vessel. But even admitting, under this contract of hiring on shares, that the master is to be considered as the special owner, that the general owners, as to contracts made by him with the seamen, as well as for supplies, are strangers to the vessel, and that these payments, made to them, are to be held as payments of charter, and not as payment of part of the freight, there will still remain in their hands all the freight earned '■n her return voyage to Bath, and $300 which they owe on the cargo of lumber. To this amount they have the earnings of the vessel in their hands, and the seamen might, in a suit against the master, have attached this as freight due.
It is said, if the owners are held liable for the wages on the ground that they have received freight, that they are liable only in the proportion which the amount they have in their possession bears to. the whole amount earned. But if the decision were to be put on this ground alone, the consequence would not follow. The whole freight is hypothecat-ed for the whole wages. And from the nature of the creditor’s interest in the thing pledged, it is not subject to this division. Every part of the thing is pledged for every part of the debt, “propter indivisam pignoris causam.” Dig. II, 2, 65. And, therefore, if two things are pledged for one debt, and one chance to be lost or destroyed, the hypothecation or lien continues entire for the whole debt in that which remains. Domat, Lois Civiles, lib. 3, tit. 1, § 1, No. 13; Pothier, De L’Hypotheque, c. 3, 1; Pitman v. Hooper [Case No. 11,185], But it seems to me, that the decision may more properly be put on a
■ Independent of all these considerations, my opinion is that the respondents are liable on their express promise. When the libellant presented the order of the master, a part of it was paid, and a promise given to pay the residue. The libellant had a right to consider this as a distinct admission of their liability. If this order was to be considered as a piece of commercial paper, and the principles of the commercial law to be applied to it, they would be liable upon it as acceptors. For an acceptance may be by parol, or may be inferred from the conduct and acts of the party. Story, Bills Exch. § 243. In reliance on this promise, the libellant forebore to commence proceedings against the vessel, or the master. It is now too late tor the owners to deny their liability. In every point of view, I think the libellant entitled to a decree for his wages.
Wages decreed, $103.12.
In the case of Reeve v. Davis, 1 Adol. & B. 312. which seems directly to overrule this decision, the case itself was not referred to, either by the counsel or the court.