This is аn action to recover damages for personal injuries suffered by a minor child on July 31,1955. The plaintiff, Willard Skaggs, Jr., a sixteen year old boy, became paralyzed from the neck down as a result of diving into an artificial pond on defendant John Junis’ farm land when he allegedly struck his head on a submerged stump hidden from view beneath the water. The two-count amended complaint consisted of a wilful аnd wanton misconduct count designated Count I and a general negligence count designated Count II. At the end of the plaintiff’s case the trial court denied defendant’s motion for a directed verdict as to both counts. During the presentation of evidence for defendant, the court vacated its prior decision and directed a verdict for defendant on Count II, the general negligence count. The jury returned a verdict of not guilty on Count I, and judgment was entered on the verdict. The plaintiff filed a post trial motion asking for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial, which was denied. This appeal followed.
Count I of the plaintiff’s complaint alleged that prior to the date of plaintiff’s injuries, defendant had constructed on his farm premises a pond, picnic and meeting grоunds, and that he had invited and knowingly permitted the public to use the same for swimming and recreation; that defendant had knowingly, wilfully, and wantonly permitted various stumps to remain completely hidden from sight in his pond; that plaintiff had been severely injured and damaged by diving into the pond and striking a submerged stuinp; that under the circumstances alleged, the defendant had a duty to warn the plaintiff of the submerged stumps or to rеmove them, both of which he failed to do; and that plaintiff was injured as a result of such wilful and wanton misconduct. Count II realleged the essential allegations of Count I but also set forth in substance that on July 31,1955, and long prior thereto, children were accustomed to use defendant’s premises for swimming and diving and that the premises and pond were an allurement and attraction for children of all agеs, which defendant knew or by the exercise of ordinary care should have known. By his answer defendant admitted ownership of the land and construction of the pond but denied the remaining allegations of Counts I and II. In addition, defendant by way of affirmative defense asserted as to Count I that plaintiff was injured as a result of his own wilful and wanton misconduct, and as to Count II that he was a trespasser or a bare licensee to whom defendant owed only the duty not to wilfully and wantonly cause him injury; that being over fourteen years of age plaintiff is held to the same degree of care for his own safety as an adult and therefore the doctrine of attractive nuisance is not available to him.
The defendant owned a 60 acre tract in rural Bureau County consisting of permanent pasture аnd timber, and to provide water for cattle he built an earthen dam across a ravine, felling some trees in the area behind the dam. The ravine filled with water creating a pond which was 18 feet deep at its deepest part. Defendant built a cabin nearby and kept a boat, inner tubes and picnic table in the adjacent wooded area. The tract, which was fenced, was sоme distance from the public highway, but was at least partially visible from the highway. In 1954 various adults and children started to use the pond for swimming and diving and used the premises for picnics and outings. Most of them obtained defendant’s express permission but some did not. Before July 31, 1955, on about twelve occasions, defendant saw persons he did not know swimming in the pond and on fifty or more occasions saw various groups swimming there. One submerged stump in the pond was about 58 feet south of the dock and some 13 feet from shore, extended 2% feet from the bottom of the pond, and was covered by about 1% feet of water. The stump was cut on the bevel at the top; it was not marked; and there were no posted warnings regarding the presence of submerged stumps.
The plaintiff, aged 16, who had then just completed his freshman year of high school, heard about the pond and its attractions from one or both of the Winefordner boys, his friends, who had express permission to swim in the pond. On a particular day in May, 1955, Willard Skaggs and his younger brother, another schoolmate, and one of the Winefordner boys went out to the pond premises. They cut across the farm fields in going to the pond from the farm house where thе Winefordners lived. When the boys arrived at the pond the defendant was there. One of the boys other than the plaintiff said something to the defendant. The only thing that anyone remembered as actually having been said was that the defendant said in substance: “Isn’t it a little too cold to go swimming?”
At the conclusion of the conversation the boys, not having swimming suits with them, went down to a secluded part of the pond and tried the water but, finding it too cool, did not stay in the water and returned home. At this time Willard Skaggs could swim and dive, having learned when he was in fifth grade.
Between the first time in May and July 31, 1955, the plaintiff went out to the pond with various friends and schoolmates of his on 15 occasions. On 12 or 13 of the 15 times there were others swimming in the pond when he went there. On at least 11 of those occasions he accompanied one of the Winefordner boys. On about six of those 15 occasions the plaintiff saw the defendant on the pond premises while he and the other boys swam and dove in the pond. On one occasion the defendant gave the plaintiff and one of the Winefordner boys a ride in the defendant’s boat. Prior to July 31, 1955, the defendant did not know the plaintiff’s name or where he lived but he remembered having seеn him at the pond two or three times. While defendant never gave the plaintiff express permission to swim in his pond, at no time did the defendant ever tell the plaintiff to leave the premises or not to swim in the pond. The only occasion on which the defendant ever asked anyone to leave the premises was one evening when some strange boys started to throw each other into the pond with their clothes on. The defendant never told the plaintiff or anyone else about the stumps, which were not visible and were covered by water in the pond. However, the defendant told Bill Winef ordner, to whom he had given permission to swim in the pond, that he should not swim alone. On July 31, 1955, the defendant was at the pond premises and saw the boys swimming and diving into the pond and recognized the Winefordner boy, who was one of the boys accompanying the plaintiff, to whom he had given express permission to swim in the pond, but did not recognize the plaintiff. On that day the defendant saw the boys diving into the pond from the shore as far as 20 feet south of the dock.
On the date in question, a Sunday, defendant had granted permission to the local fire department to use the pond in the afternoon to сonduct fire-fighting demonstrations and contests to which the general public was invited. The plaintiff ran down the bank many times that day and dove into the water between the dock and a large oak tree from a limb of which a rope hung out over the water. Around noon, as the arrival of spectators increased, the swimmers moved south of the dock. In the course of a dive from the shore plaintiff sustained the serious injuries complained of, when he allegedly struck the submerged stump located 58 feet south of the dock.
The defendant contended that Willard Skaggs did not strike a submerged stump but merely the pond floor, and there was conflicting evidence on the point. Although none of the stumps had been previously marked, the defendant on July 31,1955, after plaintiff was injured, placed two ten foot lengths of pipe on either side of the stump and wired the tops together in a triangular fashion.
It is the plaintiff’s theory as to Count II, the “attractive nuisance” count, that the question of defendant’s negligence and liability were properly jury questions. As to Count I, it is plaintiff’s theory that reversible error was committed in certain rulings on the admission of evidence, in refusing two of plaintiff’s instructions, and in not compelling the defendant to answer certain interrogatories before trial, as well as for certain additional reasons.
The trial court, shortly after the defendant began presentation of his evidence, vacated its prior ruling and granted defendant’s motion for a directed verdict as to Count II. While the trial judge inadvertently stated that his ruling was a “dismissal” of Count II, it is plain that he intended and the parties understood that his order amounted to the directing of a verdict in favor of the defendant upon the latter’s motion. It was evidently the opinion of the trial court (1) that the pond and premises in question could not, as a matter of law, constitute an attractive nuisance, or (2) that the age of the plaintiff made the attractive nuisance, doctrine inapplicable, or (3) that plaintiff, being either a trespasser or a bare licensee, even though his presence was known to the defendant, was only owed a duty not to be injured as a result of the defendant’s wilful and wanton misconduct.
Plaintiff-appellant relies strongly upon Kahn v. James Burton Co. (1955), 5 I11.2d 614,
“It is generally true, as defendant contends, that an owner or one in possession and control of premises is under no duty to keep them in any particulаr state or condition to promote the safety of trespassers or others who come upon them without any invitation, either express or implied. (Briney v. Illinois Cent. R. Co.,
Giving the principles of the Kahn case their full import, and applying them to the facts in the instant case, the conclusion seems irresistible that the issues as to whether the pond and premises were sufficiently attractive to entice the plaintiff as to entering them, whether the condition of the pond and premises were, such as to create an unreasonable danger to children frequenting them, whether the defendant should reasonably have foreseen harm to children from the condition of his pond and premises, and whether the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence, were questions for the jury under the circumstances shown in the record. We find further support for this conclusion in the following decisions handed down since the Kahn case was decided: Halloran v. Belt Ry. Co. of Chicago,
The defendant points out that at no time was the jury instructed that the trial court had directed a verdict against the plaintiff and in favor of the defendant as to Count II. This omission, which was acquiesced in by both plaintiff and defеndant, does not affect our decision. It is obvious from the instructions given and from the final arguments that the jury was led to believe that the plaintiff must prove wilful and wanton misconduct in order to succeed. Whether or not the jury had been given an instruction that the general negligence count was no longer involved in the case, the ruling of the trial court being erroneous in our view necessitates a rеversal. It is not correct to say, as defendant contends, that the plaintiff acquiesced in the ruling of the trial court in directing a verdict against him as to Count II, as he raised the point in his post trial motion.
Several errors are assigned with reference, to Count I which was permitted to go to the jury. Plaintiff tendered his Instruction No. 5, which, with certain changes pointed out by the parties in their briefs, could bе made to conform to an instruction approved in Wolf v. Budzyn (1940),
In addition, the trial court refused to admit into evidence certain paid and unpaid medical bills incurred by the plaintiff. These bills, which were tendered by the plaintiff and which the court refused to admit, totalled in the аggregate $5,435.12. It appears that certain of the medical bills and expenses of the plaintiff were paid by the plaintiff’s parents and certain ones by the Illinois Public Aid Commission. The basis of the refusal to admit these bills apparently was that these bills were not paid by the minor but by others and therefore the minor plaintiff should not be permitted to recover upon them. The court refused to рermit the introduction of plaintiff’s Exhibit No. 55, which was an assignment of claims for part of Willard Skaggs’ medical expense by his parents to him and an emancipation of their son, and further refused to allow the plaintiff to amend his complaint during trial to show that assignment. We believe that the failure to recognize and give effect to this assignment of claims and permit the introduction into evidence of paid medical bills, as well as unpaid medical bills which were shown to be fair, reasonable, and necessary to the treatment of the plaintiff, constituted reversible error: Wicks v. Cuneo-Henneberry Co. (1926),
In view of the foregoing, without commenting on other errors assigned, it is our conclusion that justice requires that this cause be reversed and remanded with instructions to proceed with a new trial upon Counts I and II of plaintiff’s complaint.
Reversed and remanded.