Lead Opinion
The jury in this medical malpractice case brought back a verdict for the defendant doctor. Plaintiff appealed, challenging only the correctness and sufficiency of the court’s instructions to the jury. We conclude that the lower court correctly refused to instruct on the doctrine of res ipsa lo-quitur, and adequately instructed on the duty of care imposed upon a physician possessing a medical specialty. We affirm.
The plaintiff, Carmen Sisson, was born with a congenital heart defect which required corrective surgery to sustain her life. At seven weeks of age Carmen underwent a Raschkind procedure, the first of three corrective operations. At four she underwent her next life-sustaining surgery, a Rastelli procedure. This latter operation involves implanting an artificial Dacron graft or “conduit” which acts as a major blood vessel. Because the conduit is of a fixed size, it becomes less efficient as the child grows. It is not uncommon for the conduit to become progressively obstructed, requiring replacement.
Ten years after her Rastelli procedure, Carmen’s circulatory system had regressed to the point that she was suffering dizziness and fainting spells. It became necessary that she undergo a Rastelli “redo” to replace the existing conduit. All Rastelli procedures require that the sternum, or breastbone, be cut open to expose the underlying conduit. Opening the sternum in a “redo” procedure involves more risk because the structures beneath tend to adhere to the back of the sternum as they heal from the earlier operation. Because a surgeon cannot know preoperatively the conduit’s precise position, he must assume that it is adherent to the sternum, and therefore proceed with great caution as he cuts through the sternum. Tearing or cutting the conduit is a known risk in a Rastel-li “redo”. The defendant, Dr. Elkins, was the operating surgeon.
In opening Carmen’s sternum the doctor cut into the conduit, causing a significant hemorrhage which could not be stopped by the application of pressure. Dr. Elkins completed the sternal opening and placed Sisson on partial, then total bypass. During this complication, Sisson underwent a period of approximately thirty minutes of reduced blood pressure resulting in reduced oxygen to her brain. The reduced
At trial, Carmen’s mother claimed three specific errors in Elkins’ course of action which constituted negligence: (1) the use of a reciprocating, rather than oscillating, saw in opening the sternum, (2) failure to place Carmen on bypass prior to the surgery, and (3) failure to induce cardiac arrest after the hemorrhage. The jury returned a unanimous verdict in favor of Dr. Elkins. On appeal, the plaintiff maintains that the trial court erred in refusing to give a requested res ipsa loquitur instruction, and in charging the jury with a duty of a non-specialist physician in a case where the defendant was clearly a specialist. The Oklahoma State Medical Association has been permitted to file its brief as amicus curiae.
RES IPSA LOQUITUR
Plaintiff urges that the trial court erred in refusing to give a res ipsa loqui-tur instruction. The Latin phrase (“The thing speaks for itself”) refers to a rule of evidence whereby in certain cases negligence of the defendant may be inferred from the mere fact that the accident happened. Lawton Coca Cola Bottling Co. v. Shaughnessy,
Since Si. John’s, the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur has been codified for medical malpractice cases by 76 O.S.1981 § 21:
In any action arising from negligence in the rendering of medical care, a presumption of negligence shall arise if the following foundation facts1 are first established:
1. The plaintiff sustained injury;
2. Said injury was proximately caused by an instrumentality solely within the control of the defendant or defendants; and
3. Such injury does not ordinarily occur under the circumstances absent negligence on the part of the defendant,
If any such fact, in the discretion of the court, requires a degree of knowledge or skill not possessed by the average person, then in that event such fact must be established by expert testimony. (Laws 1976, c. 44 § 5, eff. April 8, 1976.)
Instead of allowing an inference of negligence as the common law rule did, the statute establishes a presumption thereof. It further differs from the common law doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, as discussed in St. John’s, in that the statute does not incorporate the element that plaintiff must not be in a position to show the particular circumstances which caused the injury. See, e.g., Flick v. Crouch,
The plaintiff’s expert, Dr. R., testified to the facts that Carmen sustained injury and that the instrumentality that caused the injury was in the sole control of Dr. Elkins. Therefore, evidence of the first two foundation facts is clearly in the record. The problem is whether there was any evidence of the third — the requirement that the injury is of the type that does not ordinarily occur in the absence of negligence.
Dr. R. admitted that every surgeon who performs a Rastelli “redo” runs the risk of cutting the conduit. He testified that major bleeds can and do occur without' negligence. He also testified that he would have used an oscillating saw in opening the breastbone to avoid cutting the conduit. (Dr. Elkins used a reciprocating saw.) He stated that in his opinion, the patient should have been placed on heart bypass prior to the surgery, and that Dr. Elkins was negligent in doing the surgery. Plaintiff argues that the third foundational fact can be inferred from this testimony. In the law of res ipsa loquitur, however, the doctrine cannot be invoked until the plaintiff has supplied evidence of the foundation facts. In St. John’s, we said “An inference [of negligence under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor ] arises only from an established foundation fact. The inference cannot supply the foundation fact from which it arises.” (emphasis ours) St. John’s at 168, quoting Emigh v. Andrews,
At no point in his testimony did Dr. R. testify that an injury such as Carmen’s does not ordinarily occur under these circumstances absent negligence on the part of the surgeon. In fact, counsel for the plaintiff chose not to ask the question that would have produced either a “yes” or a “no” answer on that subject. The record is thus silent on the subject of the third foundation fact, and it cannot be supplied by inference. St. John’s, supra. Refusal to instruct on issues not supported by any evidence is not error. Skogsberg v. First Nat. Bank of Kingmon,
Defendant, although successful below, joins with Amicus in urging this Court to overrule Middlebrook, or, in the alternative, invalidate 76 O.S.1981 § 21(3) for constitutional reasons. Prior to Middlebrook, a question existed whether a res ipsa lo-quitur instruction could be given in a case where there was also evidence of specific acts of negligence. However, in Middle-brook,-we found that there was no error in allowing a res ipsa loquitur instruction in a medical malpractice case where evidence was presented of specific negligent acts. Id. at 578. Reading Section 21(3) literally, we held that the. doctrine would not be limited to instances where the common law of res ipsa loquitur would have applied, but instead held that the statute is applicable in any action where the three numbered foundation facts are met. Id. We do not depart from our reasoning in Middlebrook, and decline to overrule it. Nor do we evaluate the constitutionality of a statute, § 21(3), which was not applicable in the case and upon which the Court properly refused to instruct. We will not provide such an advisory opinion. See Application of Fun Country Development Authority,
INSTRUCTION ON THE DUTY OF A SPECIALIST
Plaintiff’s second proposition asserts that reversible error was committed
The objected to instruction, numbered by the court as “10”, reads as follows:
Unless he states or agrees otherwise, a physician employed to treat a person impliedly warrants that he possesses that degree of learning, skill, and experience ordinarily possessed by others of his profession practicing in the same field, and that he will use ordinary care in the exercise of his skill and the application of his knowledge and experience to accom-plilsh the purpose for which he is employed, and the he will use his best judgment in the exercise of his skill in diagnosing the condition and in treating the patient. He does not warrant a cure and is not responsible for the lack of success unless that lack results from his failure to exercise ordinary care or from his lack of ordinary learning, skill, and experience. If he possesses ordinary learning, skill, and experience and exercises ordinary care in applying same, he is not responsible for mistakes of judgment.
It is substantially the same as Okla. Uniform Jury Instruction, Civil, No. 13.8, with the exception that the trial court here correctly excised out the “same or similar locality” clause appearing in the O.U.J.I. formbook. See 76 O.S.Supp.1983 § 20.1 (statute establishing national medical standards).
The instruction given here on the duty of a medical specialist, and not objected to, was patterned on O.U.J.I. No. 13.4, and was given as instruction No. 8.
Initially, we note that Boyanton as cited lacks precedential value; it was an unpublished opinion of the Court of Appeals. See 20 O.S.1981 § 30.5. Further, it was vacated by this Court in our own recent opinion of Boyanton v. Reif,
Our pronouncement in Boyanton is dis-positive. In that medical malpractice case against a surgeon defendant, jury instructions for both medical specialist and nonspecialist physicians were given, substantially identical to those given here. We found no error there. See also Karriman v. Orthopedic Clinic,
Plaintiff also argues that Jury Instruction No. 10 is inconsistent with 76 O.S.Supp.1983 § 20.1 which holds Oklahoma physicians to a national standard of care. She asserts that Section 20.1 requires the national standard to be an objective standard, and that the given instruc
“.... a physician employed to treat a person impliedly warrants ... that he will use his best judgment in the exercise of his skill in diagnosing the condition and in treating the patient.... If he possesses ordinary learning, skill and experience and exercises ordinary care in applying the same, he is not responsible for mistakes in judgment.”
We find that Jury Instruction No. 10 is not inconsistent with 76 O.S.Supp.1983 § 20.1, which reads:
The standard of care required of those engaging in the practice of the healing arts within the State of Oklahoma shall be measured by national standards.
Initially we note that Section 20.1 makes no requirement of an “objective” standard. Further, the standard of care generally applied to physicians requires that the physician exercise the care, skill, and learning ordinarily exercised by other physicians under similar circumstances. Karriman v. Orthopedic Clinic,
The judgment entered on the jury verdict in favor of the defendant physician is affirmed.
Notes
. The instruction for res ipsa loquitur set out in OUJI-Civ. No. 9.13 specifies that the plaintiff has the burden of proof to establish the foundation facts. See Turney v. Anspaugh,
. Jury Instruction No. 8 stated:
A physician who holds himself out to be a specialist in a particular field of medicine owes to his patient the duty of possessing and using that degree of learning and skill ordinarily possessed and used by other specialists of good standing in the same special field under similar circumstances. This is a higher degree of learning skill than that of a general practitioner.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring in judgment.
Today the court affirms the trial court’s judgment in a medical malpractice case on the jury verdict for the defendants, holding, inter alia, that the trial court correctly refused to instruct the jury on our codified version of the common law’s res ipsa loquitur doctrine, which is found in
Article 5 § 46 mandates statewide procedural uniformity. It expressly prohibits the legislature from enacting “any local or special law ... [rjegulating the practice ... or changing the rules of evidence in judicial proceedings_” (Emphasis mine.) The terms of § 21 create a presumption of negligence against only health care providers. The presumption arises when the plaintiff shows that the injury was proximately caused by an instrumentality within the defendant’s sole control and the harm “does not ordinarily occur under the circumstances absent negligence on the part of the defendant.”
In Reynolds v. Porter
For all these reasons I would affirm the trial court’s judgment.
. The pertinent terms of 76 O.S.1981 § 21 are:
“In any action arising from negligence in the rendering of medical care, a presumption of negligence shall arise if the following foundation facts are first established:
"1. The plaintiff sustained any injury;
"2. Said injury was proximately caused by an instrumentality solely within the control of the defendant or defendants; and
“3. Such injury does not ordinarily occur under the circumstances absent negligence on the part of the defendant.
" * * * ” (Emphasis added.)
. In an opinion promulgated but not carried to mandate, a majority of this court, whose personnel have not changed since that pronouncement, had held that the evidentiary predicate (or “the statutorily required foundation facts”) for invoking the res ipsa loquitur doctrine, which are embodied in § 21, may be established by inference. See Pearson v. Presbyterian Hospital, Inc., 59 O.B.J. 3458, 3460-3461 (No. 65,982 December 6, 1988). The opinion was later vacated and withdrawn from publication on February 7, 1989 — upon the parties’ joint motion to dismiss that followed the claim’s settlement.
. The pertinent terms of Art. 5 § 46, Okl. Const., provide:
"The Legislature shall, not, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, pass any local or special law authorizing:
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"Regulating the practice or jurisdiction of, or changing the rules of evidence in judicial proceedings or inquiry before the courts_”
(Emphasis added.)
. See 76 O.S.1981 § 21, supra note 1.
. See Middlebrook v. Imler, Tenny & Kugler M.D.'s Okl., 713 P.2d 572 (1986), where the court recognized that the statutory approach to the application of res ipsa loquitur in medical malpractice cases differs from the generally obtaining norms of common law in other tort cases. While the § 21 presumption-of-negligence standard is applicable in "any action” for medical negligence, including those in which there is evidence of specific acts of negligence, the same cannot be said of the common-law doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. (See Middlebrook v. Imler, Tenny & Kugler M.D.’s, supra at 587 (Simms, C.J., dissenting).) In Middlebrook, the constitutional validity of § 21 was not implicated. In the instant case it is directly challenged.
. St. John’s Hospital & School of Nursing v. Chapman, Okl.,
"it is the peculiar situation involved ... that ‘speaks’ and, in effect, says that negligence on the part of the defendant must have been involved in causing the injury or damage because, as a matter of common experience, in such a situation and in the ordinary course of things, the injury or damage to the plaintiff would not have occurred if the defendant had been exercising the ordinary care required in such a situation.” Chapman, supra at 162 (the court’s syllabus ¶ 2).
Indeed, the doctrine’s purpose
"is to aid the plaintiff in such a situation to make a prima facie case of negligence ... by allowing the trier of the facts to infer negligence on the part of the defendant as a legitimate deduction of fact from the fundamental facts established by direct evidence....” Chapman, supra at 162 (the court's syllabus ¶1)-
See also Lawton Coca-Cola Bottling Co. v. Shaughnessy,
. Flick v. Crouch, Okl.,
. Okl.,
. Reynolds v. Porter, supra at 823 note 8.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring:
I concur in affirming the judgment of the trial court, however, I cannot embrace the rule of Middlebrook v. Imler, Tenny, and Kugler, M.D.’s, Okl.,
Concurrence Opinion
concurring in part, dissenting in part, and joining OPALA, V.C.J., in his treatment of Art. 5 § 46, Okla. Const, and 76 O.S.1981 § 21.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring in part, dissenting in part, and joining OPALA, Vice Chief Justice, in part).
I dissent for the reasons stated in the dissenting opinion in Boyanton v. Reif
. Okla. Const, art. 5, § 46 provides in pertinent part:
"The Legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, pass any local or special law authorizing:
... changing the rules of evidence in judicial proceedings or inquiry before the courts,
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. Title 12 O.S.1981 § 2201(A) provides:
“A. Judicial notice shall be taken by the court of the common law, constitutions and public statutes in force in every state, territory and jurisdiction of the United States.”
Title 76 O.S.1981 § 21 could be cured by striking “In any action arising from negligence in the rendering of medical care."