This is аn action for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by the plaintiff in a collision between a horse-drawn wagon, driven by plaintiff, and a truck, operated by the defendant, whic-h had a trailer attached thereto.
The plaintiff alleged that he was driving along a public way in the -city of St. Louis whеn the defendant’s truck and trailer came up behind him and was negligently permitted to bump into his wagon, whereby he was thrown from his seat and injured. The’answer of the defendant was a general denial, and a plea of contributory negligence in that the plaintiff had negligently driven his horse and wagon into the path of the trailer after the truck had passed him and thereby brought about the collision. The reply was a general denial. There was a judgment for the defendant and plaintiff appeals.
The collision occurred on the levee in the city of St. Louis. Although occupied by railway tracks, this levee is paved fоr use as a highway, and is so used by vehicles. The plaintiff was driving a one-horse wagon, the wheels of which were in the railway tracks. He says the, truckman blew a horn, whereupon he looked back and saw the truck following him in the same tracks. He turned his face to the front and his wagon was at once struck. He was unсertain whether the truck ór the trailer collided with his wagon, but -was inclined to think it was the truck. He was also uncertain whether it was a front or rear wheel of his own wagon which was struck, but said it was one or the other. He was thrown from his seat, but not *1147 from his wagon, by the collision, and received the injuries of which he complains.
Thеre were two men on the truck — the driver, who sat in the cab looking ahead, and another employee, who sat behind the cab facing the rear. The former testified that he was following the plaintiff up the railroad track; that he blew his signal for plaintiff to pull out and let him pass; that the plaintiff pulled out to the right of the tracks, leaving room for the truck to pass safely; that while he was passing the plaintiff’s wagon and after the truck had passed it, his companion called to him to stop, which he did at once. He then found that the hub of his trailer had struck one of the hubs of the wagon. The plaintiff declined help on the ground' that he was not injured and they each drove on.
The other occupant of the truck said that when the driver sounded the signal he looked forward and saw the plaintiff’s horse and wagon pull out, and the truck passed it with the truck and trailer following the railroad track; that the track passed the wagon in safety, whereupon the plaintiff, apparently oblivious that the trailer was following, pulled in again as though to come back upon the track, whereupon the hub of the trailer struck the hub of the wagon. He called to the driver to stop, which he did'. The plaintiff declined to be taken to a doctor and drove off.
There was testimony that the ills the plaintiff complained of were due to a chronic disease with which he was afflicted and other accidents which he had suffered rather than to this collision.
The plaintiff asked no instructions in his own behalf, but complains of those given for the defendant.
I. We will сonsider the assignments of error in their order as stated by the appellant. It is contended that Instruction Number Four, which directed a ver-diet ^or ^he defendant if the plaintiff was guilty of negligence which caused his injuries, was error. This instruction is as follows:
“The court instructs the jury that if you find and believe from the evidence in this cаse that while plaintiff was driving north on the levee in the railroad track mentioned in the evidence, he drove his horse and wagon to the right and east of and beyond the railroad track mentioned in the evidence, for the purpose of permitting defendant’s track to pass plaintiff’s horse and wagon, and if you further find and believe from the evidence that defendant’s chauffeur attempted to pass plaintiff’s horse and wagon on the left, and at the time there was sufficient clearance to safely pass plaintiff’s horse and wagon without contact or collision between the truck or trailer and рlaintiff’s horse and wagon; and if you further find that *1148 while defendant’s truck was passing plaintiff’s horse and wagon, and before the trailer had passed said horse and wagon, plaintiff turned his horse and wagon to the left and in the path of defendant’s trailer, and, as a direct result thereof, the right wheel of defendant’s trailer сame in contact with the left rear wheel of plaintiff’s wagon; and if you further find that plaintiff turned back into the path of said trailer without looking to the left, and, in so doing, failed to exercise ordinary care for his own safety, and that such failure caused, or contributed to cause whatever injuries, if any, werе sustained by plaintiff, then the court instructs you that plaintiff is not entitled to recover in this case, and your verdict will be for defendant. ’ ’
Defendant contends that the last-chance doctrine was pleaded and that this instruction militates against its operation. A petition may, as contended, plead this doctrine, but unless the facts alleged are supported by evidence the plaintiff is not entitled to the opinion of the jury thereon.
What did the plaintiff’s evidence show? That he was driving along the levee when the defendant’s truck and trailer came up behind him and one or the other struck his wagon. Under this state of facts thеre was negligence on the part of the defendant’s servant’s. However, it was primary and not secondary negligence. It arose from a disregard of the rule of the road and not from a failure to use care to avoid injuring the plaintiff after his lack of care had put him in a position of peril. Flurthеr than this, the testimony of the defendant’s employees was that upon signal the plaintiff gave the right of way and after the truck had passed but the trailer had not, he pulled in upon the 'tracks and caused the collision. These being the facts to authorize the application of the last-chance dоctrine there must have been evidence that there was sufficient time intervening between the plaintiff’s turning in upon the tracks and the collision for the man on the truck facing the rear to convey warning to the driver of the truck to enable him to avoid striking the wagon. Had sufficient time elapsed to enable the man on the rear of the truck to have given the driver of the same warning it would have been the duty of the latter to employ every possible means to avoid the collision. There was no evidence, however, to support the facts thus hypothesized. [Lackey v. United Ry. Co.,
Moreover, there was no request on the part of the plaintiff for an instruction on the last-chance doctrine. Mere non-direction is not error. [Hayes v. Sheffield Ice Co.,
It is further contended that Instruction numbered four misdirected the jury in not requiring it to find that the alleged negligence of the plaintiff directly contributed to cause his injuries. An analysis of the instruction does not sustain this contention. After submitting to the jury the facts shown as to the plaintiff’s driving north, his pulling out of the track to permit the defеndant’s vehicles to pass him and leaving room for the purpose of the latter to pass, it authorizes a verdict for the defendant if the plaintiff negligently turned his wagon back into the path of the trailer and as a direct result thereof the collision occurred. This required the jury to find that the collision directly resulted from the act of the plaintiff himself.
If the accident happened as hypothesized in this instruction, as the jury evidently believed, then the plaintiff’s lack of care as therein defined was not only the direct but the sole cause of the collision.
If, as the jury was required to find, from this instruction, that the plaintiff turned оut of the track and gave room for the defendant’s vehicles to pass him and the truck did so, and thereupon the plaintiff turned' his wagon back into the path of the trailer, the connection between his act and the collision becomes direct and positive. If, therefore, instruction numbered four had, in fаct, omitted the element which plaintiff would have the court read out of it that fact would not furnish grounds for reversal. [Carr v. City of St. Joseph, 225 S. W. (Mo.) 922; Calloway Bank v. Ellis, 238 S. W. (Mo.) 844; Monsanto Chem. Wks. v. Am. Lead Co., 253 S. W. (Mo.) l. c. 1010.]
In the Carr case, supra, an instruction was given which authorized a verdict for the defendant if plaintiff’s negligence cоntributed “in any degree” to the injury. This instruction, however, hypothesized the facts which the jury was required to find in order to determine that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence. In view of this fact the court held that the instruction was not erroneous. The portion of the opinion in the Carr case (p. 923) relative to this finding is аs follows:
“"What has been said has been upon the assumption that there is nothing in the facts to take this case out of the general rule announced in the authorities above cited. There is an exception to that rule. If an instruction on contributory negligence requires the finding of negligent acts which, in the nature of things, necessarily contributed directly to cause the injury and necessarily formed a part of the efficient cause thereof, then the instruction cannot be held erroneous because it does not require the jury to draw the inference which the law itself draws therefrom. In this case it is difficult to seе how the facts required by Instruction 4 to be found *1150 before a verdict for defendant was authorized on the ground of plaintiffs ’ negligence could exist without forming a substantial part of the efficient cause of the happening; that is, how they could have contributed at all to the fatal result unless they contributed in thе manner required by the rule stated.”
Finally, if, as Instruction Number Four hypothesizes, the plaintiff turned out of the track to permit the defendant’s vehicles to pass and left room for that purpose and the defendant, while occupying that space, was passing in safety and the plaintiff turned his wagon back into the trаck and struck the trailer the consequent collision cannot be said to have happened through the negligence of the defendant. The instruction therefore laid a larger burden upon the defendant than he was required to bear.
The plaintiff will not be heard to complain of the manner in which this instruction dealt with his own alleged want of care when on the facts required to be found the instruction need not have dealt therewith. [Fiorella v. Jones, 259 S. W. (Mo.) 782.]
II. Error is alleged in the refusal of the trial court to permit a witness, named Donohoe, to estimate the rate of speed of the defendant’s vehiclеs. Passing the question of the witness’s qualification to state his conclusion as to the matter inquired about, his testimony was irrelevant. He only saw the vehicles when a block away from the scene of the accident and “never noticed them any more. ’ ’ His having seen them a block away from the scene and not thereafter, afforded no basis for even a conjecture as to the rate of their speed after he lost sight of them. The immateriality therefore of this testimony is so apparent as to require no further discussion.
III. Complaint is made of defendant’s instruction numbered three, which told the jury that the plaintiff wаs not entitled to recover if the jury found that-“there was sufficient clearance between the truck and the wagon for the truck to _ pass without contact or collision¿n with\ the wagon and if ... there was sufficient clearance at the time the truck passed the wagon ... for defendant’s trailer to also рass the wagon with safety and without collision or contact. ’ ’
One of the charges of negligence was that the defendant failed “to turn its truck sufficiently to prevent it from striking the wagon.” In other words, it was the plaintiff’s theory, as shown by the aver-ments of his petition, that the driver of the truck, with the trailer attached, drove tоo close to plaintiff’s wagon, as a result of which the truck or trailer struck the wheel of the wagon, inflicting upon the plaintiff the injuries complained of. This is the issue covered *1151 by the instruction complained of, which tells the jury that the defendant was not guilty of the negligence charged, if, as defendant's truck and trailer were passing plaintiff’s wagon, the clearance between the truck and trailer and the wagon was sufficient to permit the truck and trailer to pass said wagon without colliding with same.
Appellant further contends that this instruction was erroneous because the truck might have suddenly swerved to the right and .cut in front of plaintiff’s wagon, striking the latter as it was paSs> ing. This was not the negligence charged or the theory of plaintiff's case as disclosed by his petition. Further than this, there was no evidence that in passing plaintiff’s wagon with sufficient clearance the defendant’s truck was suddenly turned to the right in front of plaintiff’s wagon. The instruction, in its general scope, was therefore proper, and the failure to incorporate therein the hypothesis now complained of is not reversible error where, as here, the plaintiff did not request an instruction supplying the omitted element.
In Ward v. Fessler, 252 S. W. l. c. 670-671, this court said: “If the plaintiff had desired a more definite direction to some specific act of alleged negligence he should have offered an instruction to' that effect; having failed to do so, he has no right to complain,” citing cases.
In Browning v. Ry. Co., 124 Mo. l. c. 72,
IT. The correctness of defendаnt’s Instruction Number One is challenged on the ground that it required the plaintiff, in order to recover, to prove his ease by a preponderance or greater weight of the evidence. The language complained of is that the plaintiff was required to prove his case “to your satisfaction by a preponderance or greater weight of the testimony.” This simply meant that the jury must be satisfied that the preponderance or greater weight of the testimony must be with the plaintiff’s facts to authorize him to prevail. The soundness of this formula has been attested in many cases. It simply informs the jury that the litigant may рrevail who having the burden of proof has sustained it by the greater weight of the testimony. Judge WagNER, who wrote the opinion in the early case of Marshall v. Ins. Co.,
V. The exclusion from the jury of certain ordinances of the city of St. Louis is assigned as error. There were no facts in evidence authorizing the submission of these ordinances to the jury and they were properly excluded from its consideration. '
No error having been committed authorizing a reversal the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.