193 P. 386 | Idaho | 1920
Lead Opinion
The second amended complaint upon which this action is based purports to contain two causes of action, one to compel the respondent as the administratrix of the estate of Rolvin D. Sdmonton, deceased, to account for and inventory certain property alleged to belong to the estate and not included in the inventory, and which she claims as her own, and to determine the- title thereto. The second cause of action is to recover judgment on a claim which had been presented to the administratrix and disallowed, the Claim being based upon a decree of the district court of Kootenai county and awarding $15 a month to appellant for the support of herself and her minor children. A demurrer was interposed to this complaint upon numerous grounds, and was sustained by the district court upon the ground that the two causes of action were improperly joined. The trial court ordered appellant to elect between the causes of action, and upon her refusal to do so and her election to stand upon the sec’oiid amended complaint, the court entered
The errors assigned attack the rulings of the court in sustaining the demurrer on the ground of misjoinder, in requiring the appellant to elect, and in dismissing the action.
Bespondent contends that the causes of action were improperly joined, for the reason that the probate court has exclusive original jurisdiction in all matters of probate and settlement of estates of deceased persons, and that, therefore, as to this cause of action the district court was without jurisdiction.
There is no merit in this contention because the probate court, while exercising its jurisdiction as a court of probate, does not'have jurisdiction to settle a dispute involving an adverse claim to property alleged to belong to the estate. Upon this point the supreme court of California has said:
“The issues raised by the objections of the legatee to the account, and the answer of the executor to such objection,. directly involved the question as to where the legal title to this personal property rested, and that was an issue the probate court had no power to hear and determine. There are many matters relating to the estates of deceased persons of which the probate court has no jurisdiction, and the determination of the question of title to property is essentially one of them. When it became apparent from the pleadings that matters of title to property were at issue, such matters should have been left to other courts for determination; care being exercised that all parties interested should be fairly and fully represented at the trial.....” (In re Haas’ Estate, 97 Cal. 232, 31 Pac. 893, 32 Pac. 327; Hartwig v. Flynn, 79 Kan. 595, 100 Pac. 642; Hillman v. Young, 64 Or. 73, 127 Pac. 793, 129 Pac. 124; Gille v. Emmons, 91 Kan. 462, 138 Pac. 608; Morse v. Slason, 13 Vt. 296; Miller v. Mitcham, 21 Ida. 741, 745, 123 Pac. 941.)
It is next contended by respondent that the causes of action are improperly joined, for the reason that the first Cause of action is against respondent as an individual and the second against her as administratrix representing the
Numerically the weight of authority is that a court of equity will not entertain a creditor’s bill until after the creditor has reduced his claim to judgment in a court of law. (15 C. J. 1388, sec. 16; 8 R. C. L. 20, sec. 24; extended note to Ziska v. Ziska, 20 Okl. 634, 95 Pac. 254, 23 L. R. A., N. S., 1.) The rule originally, and still in many jurisdictions, required the creditor to exhaust< every legal remedy before he would be permitted to resort to the interposition of equity for relief. The reason for the rule which required the creditor to reduce his claim to judgment before pursuing property which had passed out of the debtor’s hands, or, in other words, which denied him the right to proceed in equity until he should have reduced his claim to judgment in a court , of law, was that the debtor was entitled to have the legal action tried before a jury. It is apparent that under the code practice this reason fails, for the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity is abolished and the same court administers both legal and equitable relief in a civil action, and if in the same action it is necessary to determine both equitable issues and law issues of fact, the court will deter-' mine the equitable issues of fact and, unless the same is waived, will impanel a jury to try out the legal issues of fact. It must be conceded, however, that the authorities are not at all harmonious, some courts still even under the code maintaining the old distinction. Other courts, however, have boldly departed ffom the old rule, and under the code system permit a simple Contract creditor to recover a judgment for the indebtedness and in the same action avail himself of
We are of the opinion that the latter is the more just and enlightened view, and represents the trend of modern authority. It is in keeping with the spirit of the Code, prevents circuity of action, avoids a multiplicity of suits, saves needless delay and expense, and promotes a more speedy and efficient administration of justice.
Another question which to our minds has given rise to needless confusion in cases like the one at bar is whether the creditor is the proper party or has the legal capacity to bring the action. The supreme court of California originally held under statutes identical with ours that the creditor could not maintain the action, but that it must be brought by the administrator, and that if he set up an adverse claim to property alleged by the creditor to belong to the estate and refused to inventory it, the probate court should discharge him and appoint a new administrator whose duty it would be to bring the action. (Mesmer v. Jenkins, 61 Cal. 151.) The rule, however, was later modified by holding that ordinarily the action should be brought by the executor or administrator and would not lie by a creditor, but that where the fraudulent grantee is the executor or administrator, he could not sue himself, and the creditor was entitled to bring the action. (Emmons v. Barton, 109 Cal. 662, 42 Pac. 303.) The supreme Court of Utah, in Fehringer v. Commercial Nat. Bank, 23 Utah, 393, 397, 64 Pac. 1108, held that creditors of an insolvent estate cannot bring an action in their own name to set aside a debt made by decedent in his lifetime without demand on and refusal
It is next urged by respondent that recovery is based upon an order of court in 1893, directing payment for the support of appellant and minor children,' made not pending the trial of the action, but inserted in the final judgment entered after trial at the final determination of the action. If we understand respondent’s contention in this connection correctly, it is that since no divorce was granted, the court was without authority to make an order for alimony, and that therefore the judgment, exceeding the statutory authority, is void on its face.
While there are conflicting decisions upon this point, the weight of authority holds that courts of equity have inherent jurisdiction to award separate maintenance for the support of the wife and minor children independent of any action for divorce and independent of any statutory provision. (1 R. C. L. 875-881, secs. 14-19, inclusive, where the history of the rule is exhaustively reviewed.) In this state a suit for separate maintenance may be maintained by a wife, based on C. S., see. 4654. (Galland v. Galland, 38 Cal. 265; Livingston v. Superior Court, 117 Cal. 633, 49 Pac. 836, 38 L. R. A. 175.)
It is next insisted by respondent that the order for payment for the support of appellant and minor children, though written into a final judgment, was only an interlocutory order and not a final judgment, since it recites that the payments are to be made “until further order of this Court,” and' that an interlocutory order can only be enforced by the
The order directing the deceased to pay appellant $15 per month was not an interlocutory order, under the weight of authority, but a final judgment as to instalments actually accrued. The inclusion of the words “until further order of this Court” did not alter the nature of the decree, for the reason that such an order, although final as to instalments actually accrued (McGregor v. McGregor, 52 Colo. 292, 122 Pac. 390), is always subject to subsequent modification as to future payments upon an appropriate application and showing of changed conditions necessitating such modification. There is a conflict in the decisions as to whether or not such an order, which, either by virtue of the language of the decree or by statutory enactment or inherent authority of the court, is subject to modification, is such a judgment as will support an action, but many of the eases holding to the contrary have apparently done so because of a misinterpretation of the decision of the supreme court of the United States in Lynde v. Lynde, 181 U. S. 183, 21 Sup. Ct. 555, 45 L. ed. 810, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes; Israel v. Israel, 148 Fed. 576, 8 Ann. Cas. 697, and note, 79 C. C. A. 32, 9 L. R. A., N. S., 1168, and note. But that court cleared up the confusion by its decision in Sistare v. Sistare, 218 U. S. 1, 20 Ann. Cas. 1061, and note; 30 Sup. Ct. 682, 54 L. ed. 905, 28 L. R. A., N. S., 1068, and note, see, also, Eose’s U. S. Notes, reversing the supreme court of the state of Connecticut in the same case, 80 Conn. 1, 125 Am. St. 102, 66 Atl. 772, and holding that unless it appears from the law of the jurisdiction wherein such a decree was granted that the power of modification extends to accrued as well as to future instalments of alimony, a periodical allowance constitutes a final judgment within the meaning of the full faith and credit clause so far as instalments already accrued are concerned, provided no modification of the decree has been actually made prior to the maturity of such instalments. As stated in substance in a note to the text discussion of these cases in 1 R. C. L. 959, this decision, though stating
The judgment relied upon in this case did not contain a decree of divorce, but was a judgment for separate maintenance only. The statutory authority to modify the amount of alimony where a decree of divorce is granted does not apply. But the principle which sustains the rule in the McGregor Case applies with even greater force to a judgment for separate maintenance such as we have under consideration in this case.
Moreover, where, as appears in this case, the husband dies without seeking a modification of the decree, it may be enforced against his estate as to the instalments which accrued prior to his death, even though the law would have permitted its modification during his lifetime (Wagner v. Wagner, supra; Martin v. Thison’s Estate, 153 Mich. 516, 126 Am. St. 537, 116 N. W. 1013, 18 L. R. A., N. S., 257; McIlroy v. McIlroy, 208 Mass. 458, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 934, 94 N. E. 696; Stone v. Duffy, 219 Mass. 178, 106 N. E. 595), subject, of course, to any defense which may be available and properly set up in the answer.
Eespondent further contends that whenever the action was barred for the first instalment, the bar was complete as to all instalments. Upon this point again the authorities are in apparently hopeless conflict, one line of authorities holding that the statute of limitations begins to run from the date of the judgment and that in order to beep the judgment alive it must be revived by some appropriate action, as any other judgment. (See notes to Lemert v. Lemert, 72 Ohio St. 364, 2 Ann. Cas. 914, 106 Am. St. 621, 74 N. E. 194; Peeke v. Fitzpatrick, 74 Ohio St. 396, 6 Ann. Cas. 824, 78 N. E. 519; Van Ness v. Ransom, 215 N. Y. 557, Ann Cas. 1917A, 580-582, 109 N. E. 593, L. E. A. 1916B, 852.) But the weight of authority, and to our mind the better rule, is to the effect that where a judgment is made payable in instalments, the statute of limitations applies to each instalment separately and does not begin to run on any instalment until it is due. (De Uprey v. De Uprey, 23 Cal. 352; Gaston v. Gaston, 114 Cal. 542, 55 Am. St. 86, 46 Pac. 609; Knapp v. Knapp, 59 Fed. 641, 644; Arrington v. Arrington, supra; McGill v. McGill, 101 Kan. 324, 166 Pac. 501; Arndt v. Burghardt, 165 Wis. 312, 162 N. W. 317; 23 Cyc. 1510.)
Concurrence Opinion
Concurring. — I concur in the conclusion reached, but do not desire to be understood as giving assent to the discussion in the opinion of the right to trial by jury in cases of this kind. That question is not before the Court in this case.