9 Or. 437 | Or. | 1881
By the Court,
This is an appeal from the judgment of the circuit court for Multnomah county, quashing a writ of review directed to the common council of the city of Portland.
At a general election for municipal officers, held in the city of Portland on the 20th day of June, 1881, the appellant, Joseph Simon, and D. P. Thompson were candidates for the office of mayor. On the 23d day of June, 1881, a certificate of election was awarded to Thompson. The appellant contested the election before the common council, where the vote was declared to be a tie.
The grounds upon which the appellant relies to reverse the decision of the council are, that said council, in counting the ballots, rejected two ballots from the count which should have been counted for the appellant, and counted two ballots, called “ posters ” in the argument, for Thompson, which should have been rejected. The ballots which the appellant claims should have been counted for him, designated in the transcript and argument as ballot 100, and ballot 200, contained the names of both candidates. Ballot 100 contained the name of D. P. Thompson in print, the name of Jos. Simon written in pencil in a line with and over the name of Thompson, and a pencil line drawn along, intended to erase either one or both names. Ballot 200 contained, for the office of mayor, the name of D. P. Thompson in print, and the name of Jos. Simon written in pencil.
Section 22 of the charter of the city of Portland provides: “A certificate of election is primary evidence of the facts stated, but the common council is the final judge of the qualifications and election of the mayor and of its owm members, and in case of a 'contest between two persons claiming to be elected thereto, must determine the same.”
Upon this section counsel for the respondent say in their brief: “ To hold that the decision of the council is subject to review, is to exscind the word ‘final’ from the statute. No possible use of the word where it stands can be imagined, if it was not to signify an end to the controversy to which it relates. The word final is sometimes applied to the judgment of a court, to distinguish it from interlocutory judgments. When so used it is intended to signify a judgment by which all the questions in a case have been determined, as contra-distinguished from a judgment in the same case in which one or only a part of the questions therein have been decided. The word'final in this statute is not used in any such sense. It is here applied to the court.” “ Can any intent be imagined or imputed to the legislature other than an intent to oust the jurisdiction of the courts over an election contest as to the mayor and members of the common council of the city of Portland? They either changed the law in that respect or they did not. If they did, the circuit court has no jurisdiction in this case; if they did not, then the word final in the statute has no meaning or effect.”
An act of the legislature of Connecticut provides: “ That the board of counoilmen for the city of South Norwalk shall be the final judges of the election returns, and of the validity
So in People v. Fitzgerald, 41 Mich., 2, a provision in a city charter making the common council the final judges of the election of aldermen, was held to exclude the jurisdiction of the court on a mandamus to reinstate one whom they had excluded without a proper hearing on the merits. So of an analagous provision in the statute of Xentucky, Chief Justice Simpson says, obiter, in Bateman v. Megowan, 1 Metcalf, 538: “The decision of the contesting board is made final and conclusive by the statute. By this provision the legislature evidently intended to accomplish a two-fold purpose. A speedy and summary mode of deciding cases of contested elections, and determining finally and conclusively which one of the claimants was entitled to the office, was very important, and to effect this object the organization of this board was provided for. Another object equally important was to withdraw these contests from the jurisdiction of the courts; and, as was said in the case of Newcum v. Kirtly, 13 B. Monroe, 517, to prevent the ordinary tribunals oí justice from being harassed, and indeed overwhelmed, with the investigations, and involved in the excitements to which these cases may be expected to give rise. This object was also effected by making the decision of this board final and conclusive in all cases of contested elections. From the decision of this board there is no appeal. Its decisions are final on all questions of law or fact which may be involved in the investigation of the rights of the claimants to the office in the contest. See also, Coon v. Mason County, 22 Ill., 666;
A final judge is therefore one whose decisions are final and conclusive. To show that notwithstanding this section of the charter, the circuit court still had power to review the decision of the council on certiorari, the appellant cited the following authorities: Thompson v. Multnomah County, 2 Or., 39; Cunningham v. Squires, 2 W. Va., 422; Ex parte Heath, 3 Hill, 50; Ex parte Mayor of Albany, 23 Wend., 287; Leroy v. Mayor, 20 John., 430: Lawton v. Com. of Cambridge, 2 Caines’ Rep., 182; State v. District Medical Society, 35 N. J., 200; 3 Lansing, 149; 17 Iowa, 387; 2 Kernan, 411; 9 Ark., 73; 9 Minn., 166; Smith’s Leading Cases, 984; Robertson v. Groves, 4 Or., 210; State v. McKinnon, 8 Or., 493; People v. Hall, 80 N. Y., 117; Murfree v. Leeper, Overton [Tenn.], 1; Reardon v. Gray, 2 Hayne [N. C.], 245.
Before considering how far these authorities go to show what appellant claims for them, it may be well to look at a few earlier cases, and note the principle on which they rest. And first, it must be remembered, that “ courts of limited jurisdiction must not only act within the scope of their authority, but it must appear on the face of their proceedings that they did so; and if this does not appear, all that they do is curam nonjuclice, and void.” (Washington, J., Kemp v. Kennedy, Pet. C. C., 36.) In Rex v. Croke, Cowper, 29, where the proceedings were quashed on certiorari, Lord Mansfield said: “This is a special authority, delegated by act of parliament to particular persons, to take away a man’s property and estate against his will, therefore, it must be strietly pursued, and must appear to be so upon the face of the order.”
Thus, in State v. Metzger, 26 Mo., a conviction for an assault and battery before a justice of the peace in Gasconade county, was set aside, because it did not appear on the face of the proceedings that the assault was committed in the county.
Now, the oft-cited case of Rex v. Morely, 2 Burr., 1040, arose under the conventicle act of 22 Car., 2, c. 1. Morely was a Methodist preacher, and had been convicted under that act before a justice of the peace, had appealed to the quarter sessions, been tried by a jury and judgment given against him on their verdict. A certiorari having been issued out of Bang’s Bench, counsel for prosecution contended that after all this, a writ of error might lie, but not a certiorari, which will only lie where there is no other .remedy. They also cited a clause in the sixth section of the act: “ That no other court whatsoever shall intermeddle with any cause or causes of appeal upon this act, but they shall be finally determined in the quarter sessions only.” Counsel for the writ argued that these words “ meant no more than that the facts shall not be re-examined, but the legality may, or a want of jurisdiction may be taken advantage of. The case may be such that the justice had no jurisdiction of the matter.” The court was unanimously of the opinion that the writ ought to issue, and say: “ A certiorari does not go to try the merits of the question, but to see whether the limited jurisdiction have exceeded their hounds.” The defect in the proceedings was, that it did not appear on their face that the defendant was a subject of the realm, which was an essential requisite.
The case of King v. Jukes, 8 T. R., 542, was that of a conviction, and an appeal to the quarter sessions with power to hear-and finally determine the matter. Pet the conviction was quashed in the King’s Bench on certiorari, because the
In Cates v. Knight, 3 T. R,., 442, it is said by Erskine, Shepherd, Garrow and Marryat, in argument: “This isa question which goes to the jurisdiction of the court, concerning which the rule has long been settled, that the superior courts at Westminster can only be ousted by express words.” The reporter, ip a note, cites the case of Rex v. Morely, above.
It will be noticed that not one of these cases goes to the extent of holding that where an inferior tribunal is proceeding within the bounds of its jurisdiction, with power to hear and finally determine, its decisions can be reviewed on certiorari for error, strictly, either of law or fact. The point has been expressly ruled otherwise in People v. Betts, 55 N. Y., 600. The court were not cited to this case by counsel, but its relevancy to the question under consideration requires that it should not be overlooked. The case was a common law certiora/ri to commissioners on their second report, appointed to assess damages to the owner of real estate, taken by a railroad company for the purpose of its road. The statute enacted that “ the second report shall be final and conclusive on all the parties interested.” Notwithstanding this language, it was insisted that the way was still open by a common law certiorari for' a review of any legal errors committed by the commissioners, upon a second appraisal. The opinion, by Mr. Justice Eolger, says: “We fail to perceive how exemption is attained from the express prohibition of the statute, that the second report shall be final and conclusive on all the parties interested, any more by a common law certiorari than by any other proceeding for a review and correction of error. The office of a common law certiorari is, in strictness, merely to bring up the record of the proceedings of an inferior court or tribunal, to enable the court of review to deter
The learned judge then goes on to show how the original office of the writ had been extended in New*'York by judicial decisions, “ not only to bring up the naked question of jurisdiction, but the record, as well as the ground or principles on which the inferior jurisdiction acted, and the question of law on which the relator relies.” Further on he says: “And when the statute says that the second appraisal shall be final and conclusive, it is not that it means only to refuse that mode of remedy (appeal), but that it means to deny any remedy. Nor do any of the decisions above cited authorize, hold, or intimate, that in such case the common law writ of oertiora/ri, may be availed of to review erroneous decisions, or proceedings of boards or inferior tribunals.”
The weight of this authority presses heavily against the case made for the appellant. The distinguished and able counsel who appeared for the appellant, were unable to find an authority that showed, or tended to show, that legal errors committed by an inferior tribunal, proceeding within the bounds of its jurisdiction, can be reviewed on oertiora/ri, when the statute makes such tribunal the final judge of the matter submitted to its decision. The only semblance of an authority for such a position was a dictum from State v. Cockrell, 2 Kichardson [S. C.], which, counsel did not note, had been overruled in Ex parte Childs, 12 S. C., 111.
In the case of Ex parte Heath, 3 Hill, 50, the relator claimed to have been elected assessor of the sixth ward of N ew York. It was the duty of the mayor to administer the oath of office, which he refused to do, because, in the special return of election made to him by the board of canvassers, they said they were unable to declare what persons were elected, “ by reason of the lawless violence committed upon the inspectors of the first district, whilst in the act of counting the ballots, and the dispersion of the ballots before they were counted, the history of which is contained in the return of said inspec
These views, as construed for appellant, are irreconcilable with the decision of Mr. Justice Folger, in 55 N. T. But,
The opinion of the same judge, in Birdsall v. Philips, 17 Wend., is explicit that the erroneous decision of an inferior tribunal, upon questions of either law or fact, cannot be reviewed on certiorw'i. This writ,” he says, “ is but an emanation from the general supervisory duty of the supreme court, to restrain the action of all inferior magistrates within their legal grasp.” Thus it clearly appears, that by his language in Ex parte Heath, he meant no more than that the writ lay where the inferior tribunal exceeded its legal bounds.
In Lawton v. Com. of Cambridge, 2 Caines’ Rep., 117, the commissioners of highways had laid out a highway, which, on an appeal to the judges of the common pleas, had been confirmed, and the statute declared the decision of the judges conclusive. The court take it as well settled, that a certiorari will lie even where' the inferior tribunal is authorized finally to hear and determine. But, as in all the other cases, the objection made to the proceedings, though not sustained, were deemed jurisdictional; counsel arguing, “ for as the whole proceeding is in derogation of the rights of individuals, nothing
The cases of Leroy v. The Mayor, 20 John., 43, and People v. Assessors, 3 Lansing, add nothing to the case. In 3 Lansing the court say, “ the writ lies in such cases tor the purpose of ascertaining whether the inferior tribunal has kept within the power conferred upon it.”
The case of Ackerman v. Taylor, 8 N. J. L., [3 Halstead] 376, draws the distinction between the power to review on the merits and for excess of jurisdiction, and goes to maintain the case of the respondent. The case was upon a statute providing that no certiorari shall be issued to remove proceedings had in pursuance of the provisions of the act. But the court say, suppose the proceedings are had, not in pursuance, but under pretense, of the statute? Can it be supposed that the legislature intended, in such a case, to deny the use of the writ? They were of the opinion that, notwithstanding the statute, legal subjects of inquiry might be presented for their consideration on cerUorarL but say: “Although we do not examine the merits of their decisions, from which we are restrained by the just effect of the final and conclusive quality attached to them, we nevertheless inquire whether they have exercised or exceeded the jurisdiction given to them; whether they have pursued the powers granted in their creation, or assumed others never confided to them. The superintending power of this court, and the use of the writ of certiorari, are no doubt within the scope of legislative action; may be restrained, abridged, perhaps abolished. Yielding on the one hand to the will of the legislature, we are on the other to deny the writ to a citizen in no case where he may lawfully claim it.”
Murfree v. Leeper, 1 Overton (Tenn.) 1, (1791) has nothing more than what is to be found in that part of the opinion in Ex parte Mayor of Albany, already cited. A case from the reports of Tennessee, much more in point, is Wade v. Murry, 2 Sneed, 50 (1854). This was a proceeding to contest the election of Murry to the office of attorney-general for
The writ of certiorari has no peculiar virtue that exempts or tends to exempt it from statutory control. It was the nature of its office, not any inherent power in the writ itself, that created the apparent exception. When the operation of the writ was extended to an examination into errors of law, it fell at once within the operation of statutes making the decisions of the inferior tribunal final and conclusive. It is because the common council is an inferior tribunal, exercising judicial powers, whose procedure is not according to the course
Counsel for the appellant in their brief say: “Suppose that the council had found, from the evidence before it, and entered of record, that plaintiff had received 2,000 votes, and that defendant had received 1,500 votes, and then the council should, upon this finding, determine and decide that defendant was duly elected, and award him the office; will counsel for the respondent, assert that this could not be corrected on review ? "W ould the courts be powerless to set aside this glaring abuse of authority?” Probably not; because in the case supposed, there would be an abuse of authority — not an erroneous exercise of it — an excess, not an erroneous exercise of power.
The case before us is different. The decision complained of was one which the council had a strict, legal right to make. Their decision, at the most, is but erroneous on the merits— not void — a question of which the council, not ourselv.es, are the final judges.
That section 9 of article 7 of the constitution of the state, denies power to the legislature to make the decision of the council final and conclusive, is a position taken by counsel for the appellant, but which is not supported by any authority cited, or wdiich it is believed possible to cite. A statutory right may be restricted to a statutory remedy. The legislature may abolish the office of mayor at any time it sees fit. Much more may they put restrictions upon the right to the office. And, too, if such a construction could be put on the constitution, it would leave the remedy by quo warranto open
The case has been erroneously entitled by counsel as against D. P. Thompson, instead, as it should have been, against the common council of the city of Portland. (W. & N. R. R. Co. v. Railroad Commissioners, 118 Mass., 563; Crawford v. Township Board, 22 Mich., 405.)
The judgment of the circuit court should be affirmed, and it is so ordered.
Judgment affirmed.