19 F.2d 690 | D.C. Cir. | 1927
Ap-pellee, Irene Simmons, hereafter referred to as the plaintiff, brought a suit for absolute divorce in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia against her alleged husband, Herbert Simmons, and a corespondent. Defendant husband answered the bill, and also filed a cross-bill, praying for an annulment of the marriage between himself and the plaintiff, on the ground that, when the marriage took place, plaintiff had a husband living, from whom she had not been legally divorced.
The case was heard on the cross-bill and answer thereto, and from the evidence it appeared that on March 7, 1918, plaintiff procured a deeree of divorce on the ground of desertion from her then husband, Henry E. Davis, in tjie circuit court of Alexandria, Va., and on April 10-following married the defendant. '
The court below found- from the evidence that the plaintiff and defendant were living together in the District of Columbia as husband and wife under the name of Simmons, although at the time it was known to defendant that the plaintiff was a married woman. It was while they were so living together that plaintiff filed her bill for divorce in the Virginia court, and procured the deeree above mentioned. The court also found as a fact, and it is fully supported by the record, that the Virginia deeree was procured by fraud, “both as to the required residence in Virginia of the plaintiff, and as to the alleged desertion of her husband.” Indeed, it strongly appears that defendant furnished plaintiff with the money to carry on her suit in Virginia.
On this state of facts the learned trial justice below in his opinion concluded as follows: “To allow him, under these circumstances, to take advantage of the void de-eree of divorce obtained by Irene Davis in order to avoid the consequences of his mar
In a ease of this sort, neither the principles of equity nor the integrity of the marriage relation are controlling. We are here considering a ease involving a marriage which is void ab initio. Section 1283, D. C. Code, provides in part as follows: “The following marriages are prohibited in the District of Columbia and shall be absolutely void ab initio, without being so decreed, and their nullity may be shown in any collateral proceedings, namely: * * *
“Third. The marriage of any persons either of whom has been previously married and whose previous marriage has not been terminated by death or a decree of divorce.”
Section 1284 provides that:
“Any of such marriages may also be declared to have been null and void by judicial decree.”
In proceedings to annul a void marriage, especially where it is so declared by statute, the rule of pari delicto and the equitable principle of “clean hands” are inapplicable, since in such cases the state becomes a third party. While it is a settled principle of law that, where parties are in pari delicto, the court will refuse to extend them aid, and will leave them without remedy against each other, it is equally true that, where the state is an interested party, the contributing guilt of the parties to the suit will not operate as a bar to the granting of relief. “The rule] of par delictum will not be applied, however, to prevent relief in a suit to annul and set aside a void marriage. This is a matter in which the state is an interested party. Under the faets as found by the court, the marriage should be set aside as void, but the parties are entitled to no other or further relief.”. Szlauzis v. Szlauzis, 255 Ill. 314, 99 N. E. 640, L. R. A. 1916C, 741, Ann. Cas. 1913D, 454.
In Lynch v. Lynch, 34 R. I. 261, 83 A. 83, it appeared that at the time of the marriage the wife, as here, had a husband living, from whom she had not been lawfully divorced. The court of original jurisdiction refused a divorce on the ground that the parties were in pari delicto, but the appellate tribunal, reversing the decree, said: “Her legal status, however, is something in which the state as well as the parties is interested. If, as a matter of fact, she was already married when she undertook to enter into the married state with the respondent such seeond marriage was a nullity, and the court should so declare.”
The interest of the state extends beyond the private grievances of the parties directly involved. It sponsors the welfare of society and the sanctity of the marriage relation. It refuses to countenance the continued perpetration of crime between such parties in violation of law and good morals. “In this class of eases it is not the private grievance of the complainant alone which is considered, and which controls the nature and extent of the remedy, if any, which may be granted. The state is often called a ‘third party’ to every suit for divorce or nullity of marriage. But not only the state is concerned, but the interests of innocent unborn children may be involved. If a decree of nullity is denied when nullity has been absolutely established by the proofs, the legality of the marriage is not established. * * * The fact that the marriage was. null remains.” Freda v. Bergman, 77 N. J. Eq. 46, 76. A. 460.
The equitable rule, that “he who comes into equity must come with clean hands,” has no application, where its enforcement would result in sustaining an act declared by statute to be void, or against public policy. In such eases, the interest of society intervenes, and the state is regarded as a third party. In the case of Martin v. Martin, 54 W. Va. 301, 46 S. E. 120, 1 Ann. Cas. 612, the parties were prohibited from marrying in West Virginia because of relationship by blood. They went into Pennsylvania and were married. After they had lived together for 18 years, the husband brought a suit to annul the marriage, and the trial court dismissed his bill, on the ground “that a court of equity ought not to entertain a litigant who vaunted his own iniquity, and made that his sole grounds for the decree asked from it.” The appellate court, reversing this decree, said: “If the parties could continue the marriage relationship without violating the criminal laws of the state, then the court might be justified in refusing to entertain the plaintiff’s bill. But, when the law forbids the continuance of their marriage relation, notwithstanding its inception may have been a misdemeanor, it is the duty of both parties to make restitution by having the marriage annulled promptly. Their hands may be unclean, but it is the duty of a court of equity to permit them to clean them, when it can do so, and not permit such nncleanness to continue as a stench in the nostrils of the people. 19 Am. & En. Enc. Law (2d
In Heflinger v. Heflinger, 136 Va. 289, 118 S. E. 316, 32 A. L. R. 1088, in ¿ suit for annulment on the ground that the marriage was null and void, because it was contracted in violation of a statute of the state, within six months from the date of the decree of divorce of the husband from a former wife, it was urged that plaintiff could not sustain his action under the equitable doctrine of “clean hands,” and on the further ground that the parties were in pari delicto. The ease involved a marriage, valid in Maryland, where it was contracted, but void by statute in Virginia, where the parties were domiciled. The court was confronted by the difficult question of conflict of laws, and the power of the Legislature of Virginia to give extraterritorial effect to a statute declaring such a marriage void.
The court, in an exceedingly able and instructive opinion, said: “The decree of annulment only ascertains that there had been no valid marriage between the parties, and obviates the necessity of ever thereafter being compelled to show its invalidity. If the complainant were acquiring any rights by virtue of his suit, other than the determination of Ms status in society, a different rule might apply, but he is acquiring none. McMullen v. Hoffman, 174 U. S. 639, 19 S. Ct. 839, 43 L. Ed. 1117. All he asks is to have judicially declared the fact that the marriage was a void marriage, and in this the public is interested. No property rights are affected, but the true status of the parties in society is ascertained and judicially declared. Under such circumstances, the doctrine of 'clean hands' does not debar either party from bringmg a suit to have the void marriage declared a nullity. It is not a smt for divorce. There was no valid bond of matrimony to be dissolved.” -
The decree below cannot be sustained upon the still broader ground of public policy. A void marriage will not be sustained on the theory of civil contract, since such a contract is void as against public policy. It will not be sustained in tMs instance on any •principle of full faith and credit to be accorded the Virginia decree. If the action in Virginia was void, and against the law and public policy of the District of Columbia, the full faith, and credit clause of the Constitution (Const. U. S. art. 4, § 1) has no application to such a judgment.
This question was at issue in the case of Andrews v. Andrews, 188 U. S. 14, 23 S. Ct. 237, 47 L. Ed. 366, where a husband left Ms matrimonial domicile in Massachusetts and went to South Dakota, and procured, with consent of Ms wife, a decree of divorce, void under the laws of Massachusetts, and returned to. the state of Massachusetts, and ' there married, where he subsequently died, leaving property. The first wife asserted her rights as the lawful widow of the deceased. In upholding her contention, the court said: “The principle dominatmg the subject is that the marriage relation is so interwoven with public policy that the consent of the parties is impotent to dissolve -it, contrary to the law of the domicile. The proposition relied upon, if maintained, would Mvolve this contradiction in terms: That marriage may not be dissolved by the consent of the parties, but that they can, by their consent, accomplish the dissolution of the marriage tie, by appearing in a court foreign to their domicile and wholly wanting in jurisdiction, and may subsequently compel the courts of the'domicile to give effect to such judgment despite the proMbitions of the law of the domicile and the rule of public policy by which it is enforced.”
The case of- Olverson v. Olverson, 54 App. D. C. 48, 293 F. 1015, has been called to our attention as being in conflict with the views herein expressed. That case has no bearing, even by analogy, on the ease at bar. That was a suit for divorce under section 966 of the District Code. A decree was there sought for separation by the wife. The husband filed a cross-bill, asking absolute divorce on the ground that Ms wife had been divoreed from a former husband in this District on the ground of adultery; that subsequently the parties were married in Maryland. The court refused the husband's plea on the ground that he was not in equity with “clean hands.” TMs decree was affirmed by tMs court.
The marriage in Maryland was valid there, and the ground of divorce alleged by the defendant husband, had he been imposed upon by the plaintiff, was a valid ground for •
In the ease at bar the action is brought under section 1283 of the District Code, which declares a marriage such as the present one absolutely void ab initio without any decree to that effect. The parties could ignore this marriage without any liability whatever to either party. The statute creates an absolute defense in either a direct or collateral proceeding for either party to the transaction, in any proceeding wherein the alleged marriage becomes an issue. In the present case, the decree in favor of the husband would amount to nothing more than a general decree in equity in his favor. The law declares such a marriage void, and the court is without power to validate it, or to in any respect require the parties to live together, or in any manner recognize the validity of the marriage. It is void by law, and the courts have no alternative when the matter is presented, either directly or collaterally, in any matter in which it becomes an issue, but to declare it so.
It follows, we think, that where it appears to the court that a marriage is an absolute nullity, the duty under the law of this District is to decree such a marriage void and prevent any further criminal union of the parties.
The decree is reversed, with costs, and the cause is remanded, with directions to enter a decree in conformity with this opinion.