In 1897 Julia Hurd died seized of two lots of land in the city of Rochester, and by her will she authorized her executor to sell and convey her real estate. Her executor sold and conveyed one of these lots to the plaintiff by a deed which contained a covenant on the part of the grantee, his heirs and assigns, that the front wall of any building erected on the premises conveyed should stand back at least twenty feet from the line of the street on which the lot fronted, and also a similar covenant on the part of the grantor that the front wall of any building erected on the adjoining lot should also stand back that distance from the street. Subsequently the executor sold to the defendant the adjoining lot by a deed which contained no covenants. Thereafter the defendant sought to erect a building on the line of the street, and this action was brought to restrain such erection.
The question in the case is the validity of the covenant on the part of the executor restricting the use of the lot last sold. The executor had merely a naked power of sale, and it is contended by the appellant that he had no power to create any obligation binding upon the estate which he represented. It is undoubtedly true that an executor or administrator cannot, by executory contract, impose a new liability on the estate which he represents. (Ferrin v. Myrick, 41 N.Y. 315; Austin v.Munro, 47 id. 360; O'Brien v. Jackson, 167 id. 31.) Therefore no action for damages could be maintained against the estate for a violation of this covenant. The covenant, however, was something more than a mere executory
contract. If valid, it operated as a conveyance of an easement, for an easement may be created by covenant as well as by express grant. (Washburn on Easements Servitudes, *27 Van Rensselaer
v. Albany W.S.R.R. Co., 62 N.Y. 65; Gibert v. Peteler, 38 Barb. 488, 514.) While there is no decision of this court on the question, it has been held by the Supreme Court and in other jurisdictions that executors with a naked power of sale, or commissioners of partition, may, in the sale of lands, create easements of way. (Valentine v. Schreiber, 3 App. Div. 235;Matter of Opening of Sixty-seventh St., 60 How. Pr. 264, 272;Earle v. Mayor, 38 N.J.L. 47.) It is the common practice on partition sales or sales by executors of large tracts of land in the outskirts of a city where streets, although laid out on a map, have not been formally opened or any rights acquired therein by the public, to sell lots bounded by such streets, thus granting an easement of way over the streets to the purchasers of the lots. In no other way could advantageous sales be made. Indeed the right of an executor to grant such easements is not seriously controverted by the learned counsel for the appellant. As said by Judge DANIELS in Matter of Opening of Sixty-seventhSt. (supra), they are incidental to the power conferred on the executor to sell the land. The power to grant an easement in connection with the sale of part of the land is not to be confined to easements of way. If the property consisted of a row of buildings, the side walls of which were party walls, it would be impracticable to sell a single lot with the building thereon for any reasonable price, unless on the sale was conveyed the easement of support of such parts of the party walls as stood on the other lots. That would be true also in a case where several houses had but a single means of drainage. Examples might be multiplied. We think in all these cases the question is whether under the circumstances, the easement is such as might naturally be presumed to have been requisite or beneficial for an advantageous sale. The easement granted in this case, while it cannot be said to be common, is by no means exceptional in the case of
urban property, especially in the residential portions. Many large tracts in the city of New York are subject to restrictions of a character similar to that found in this case. So the restriction cannot, on its face, be said to be unreasonable. InRosenkrans v. Snover (19 N.J. Eq. 420) an easement, similar in character to that found in this case, though entirely different in its details — to wit, an easement of light, air and prospect, conveyed by commissioners on a partition sale — was upheld. The chancellor said: "There can be no doubt but that commissioners like these have the power, if it will, in their judgment, be a benefit to the sale of property, to annex to one part an easement in another part of the property to be sold, and to sell and convey such other part subject to the servitude of such easement." We think, therefore, it was presumptively within the power of the executor to convey, as appurtenant to the lot first sold, an easement of light, air and prospect over the remaining lot.
The order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs, and the question certified answered in the affirmative.
EDWARD T. BARTLETT, VANN, WERNER, WILLARD BARTLETT, HISCOCK and CHASE, JJ., concur.
Order affirmed.