203 F.3d 894 | 5th Cir. | 2000
Lead Opinion
Walter Booker, Superintendent of the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parch-man (“the State”), appeals the district court’s decision granting appellee Simeon Hughes’ (“Hughes”) motion for a writ of habeas corpus because he received ineffective assistance of appellate counsel in violation of Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493 (1967) and Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75, 109 S.Ct. 346, 102 L.Ed.2d 300 (1988). We affirm.
Hughes was convicted of armed robbery in Mississippi state court and subsequently sentenced as a habitual offender to thirty-four years in prison. On direct appeal to the Mississippi Supreme Court, Hughes’ appointed counsel filed a brief alleging no specific error and arguing only that:
Following a review of the transcript and record excerpt I do not believe that any substained [sic] issue evidencing reversible error exists in the trial of this cause. Nevertheless, the Defendant requests a review of the trial transcript and record exeerpt by the Mississippi Supreme court for legal sufficiency of the evidence and for any substantial error committed during the course of the trial. Finally according to Kinningsworth v. State [sic] -1 have provided the Defendant, Simeon [H]ughes, notice of his right to appeal pro se by certificate of service.
Although Hughes was granted additional time in which to file a pro se appellate brief, Hughes declined to do so. The Mississippi Court of Appeals affirmed Hughes’ conviction in an unpublished opinion.
Hughes then filed the instant petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the district court. As grounds for relief, he alleged that he had been denied his constitutional right to a direct appeal and that he had received ineffective assistance of appellate counsel because his attorney had (1) filed a brief raising no specific issues, and (2) failed to object to a defective indictment. The district court — adopting a modified version of the magistrate judge’s recommendation— found that Hughes had been denied effective assistance of counsel and that the decision of the Mississippi Supreme Court on Hughes’ post-conviction motion was an unreasonable application of federal law. Accordingly, the district court ordered that Hughes’ habeas petition be granted unless the State afforded him an out-of-time direct appeal with the assistance of competent counsel.
Hughes filed his habeas petition after April 24, 1996, and it therefore subject to the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”). See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 336, 117
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.
28.U.S.C. 2254(d).
A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel in his first appeal as of right. See Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 393-95, 105 S.Ct. 830, 834, 83 L.Ed.2d 821 (1985). In Penson v. Ohio, the Supreme Court distinguished between two types of claims involving denial of assistance of appellate counsel. First, where a petitioner argues that counsel failed to assert or fully brief a particular claim, he must show that his attorney’s performance was both deficient and prejudicial. See Penson, 488 U.S. at 84, 109 S.Ct. at 352-54 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689-94, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2065-67, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984)). Second, where the complained-of performance of counsel constituted an actual or constructive complete denial of the assistance of counsel, prejudice is presumed. See id., 488 U.S. at 88-89, 109 S.Ct. at 354 (“the actual or constructive denial of the assistance of counsel altogether is legally presumed to result in prejudice”) (citation omitted); see also Sharp v. Puckett, 930 F.2d 450, 451-52 (5th Cir.1991).
Penson considered the consequences of an attorney’s withdrawal from representation without filing a sufficient brief as required by Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493. In Anders, the Supreme Court recognized that counsel could withdraw from representation without denying an appellant fan-representation only where certain safeguards were followed.
We have previously held that a defendant is constructively denied effective assistance of counsel where counsel on direct appeal filed a brief asserting no grounds for appeal and requesting only a review of the record for patent errors. See Lofton v. Whitley, 905 F.2d 885 (5th Cir.1990); Lombard v. Lynaugh, 868 F.2d 1475, 1480 (5th Cir.1989). Here, counsel did not file an Anders brief or seek to withdraw from representation. Instead, Hughes’ attorney filed a brief stating that he could find no issue “evidencing reversible error.” We agree with the district court that this was the functional equivalent of withdrawing from representation without complying with the requirements of Anders.
Here, the district court found that, at the time that Hughes filed his appellate brief, at least one nonfrivolous issue — the form of Hughes’ indictment— existed. While we agree with the district court on this point, we also agree with the State that this is no longer a valid argument.
More significantly, as the district court correctly noted, the Mississippi Court of Appeals did not examine- the record to determine if any nonfrivolous appellate issues existed. Nor did the district court make such a determination. It is not the role of this court to scour the record— unassisted by an Anders brief or a state court ruling — in an effort to identify non-frivolous appellate issues. The essence of Hughes’ constitutional deprivation was that he was denied the effective assistance of an appellate advocate; our independent review of the record cannot remedy this denial. Cf. Lofton, 905 F.2d at 888 (“[W]hen a court had to consider the record without the advice of counsel, reversal was mandated.”).
. In affirming Hughes' conviction, the Mississippi court stated: "On appeal, Hughes.does not raise any specific issue before this Court. Hughes states that he can find no specific instance of reversible error in this cause.... Because Hughes fails to show error on the part of the trial court, we affirm his conviction. ... This Court will not assume the burden of briefing any issue which the Appellant, aided by counsel, cannot find or claim as error. The brief filed on behalf of Hughes contains neither argument nor support authorities. Accordingly, Hughes cannot overcome the presumption of correctness accorded to the trial court's judgment.”
. Under Anders, counsel must conduct a"conscientious examination” of the case before seeking permission to withdraw from a case. See id. at 744, 87 S.Ct. at 1400. That request must be accompanied by a brief to the appellate court "referring to anything in the record that might arguably support the appeal." id. The appellate court must then conduct a "full examination of all the proceeding^] to decide whether the case is wholly frivolous." Id.
. The State argues that Hughes’ attorney complied with the allegedly more stringent withdrawal requirements of Killingsworth v. State, 490 So.2d 849 (Miss.1986). We disagree. Under Killingsworth, counsel who believes his client’s appeal is without merit must (1) fully represent to the court why the case is meritless and (2) send a copy of that representation to the defendant. The defendant will then be furnished reasonable opportunity to file his own comments with the court. See id., 490 So.2d at 851. Here, while Hughes’ counsel informed Hughes of his right to file a pro se appellate brief, he failed to fully represent to the court (or his client) why he viewed Hughes’ case as without merit.
. Hughes’ indictment, which both mentioned and expressly incorporated a "habitual offender” exhibit, concluded with the term "against the peace and dignity of The State of Mississippi.” This satisfies the requirement of § 169 of the Mississippi Constitution. See Earl v. State, 672 So.2d 1240, 1244 (Miss.1996) (finding that indictment charging defendant with "the habitual offender allegations as set forth in the attachment hereto” satisfied § 169 as long as it concluded with the required term). Accordingly, at least following Earl, the defective-indictment issue is frivolous.
. The State additionally argues that Hughes waived his fight to raise the defective indictment issue on direct appeal and that the issue would be procedurally barred if raised on a subsequent direct appeal. For the reasons set forth directly above, this claim is irrelevant in light of our finding that Hughes was constructively denied appellate representation.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring specially:
I agree that the result we reach today is required by Penson’s holding that an irre-buttable presumption of prejudice arises when a defendant is effectively denied the right to counsel on appeal. I write separately, however, to point out that the net effect of the relief that we grant today is zero, where, over the several years this case has been percolating through the courts, neither anyone nor any court has identified an issue of the slightest arguable merit. Hughes will be granted an opportunity to file an out-of-time direct appeal of his conviction, competent appellate counsel will file an Anders brief in Mississippi state court, a habeas petition will be filed in federal district court, and after the passage of much time and expense, our court will be placed in an almost identical situation as we are today — considering the merits of an appeal that is meritless. However, because our court is bound by the Supreme Court’s holdings in Penson and Anders, I concur in this exercise.