| Ct. Cl. | Dec 15, 1876
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court:
The claimants in this case let their barges to the Quartermaster Department at an agreed rate of compensation for such periods as their services might be required for Government transports. After the barges had been a long time in service order of the Quartermaster-General was made known to the owners, in December, 1863, which required that new charter-parties should be executed differing in several material matters from the old ones, reducing the compensation, and retroactive in effect. The owners refused the proffered terms and demanded the discharge of their vessels. The Department refused to discharge them and refused to pay the original rates, and, moreover, refused to pay the reduced rates unless the new charters were executed. A protracted correspondence and relocated demands and refusals followed. The owners used all possible diligence, making their requests and demands of the Quartermaster-General and the Secretary of War as well as of inferior officers. At length, in May, 1864, finding all efforts to procure either payment or a return of their, vessels fruitless, they yielded to what seemed-to them necessity and agreed to make the new charters, doing so, however, under protest. They now insist that these new charters were extorted by duress of their property; that they were involuntarily executed under protest, and are wholly void. The suit is brought upon tlie original charter-parties, and the owners seek to'recover the difference of compensation, and also for certain marine casualties, as to which the defendants were insurers under the first charters but not under the second.
By an elaborate argument the claimants’ case has been likened to that of Clyde, (5 Ct. Cl., 134" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1869-12-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/clyde-v-united-states-6590070?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6590070">5 C. Cls. R., 134,) and it has been urged that the decision which this court then rendered is applicable to the present case. The principle of that decision was that where the defendants, by the terms of a charter-party, possessed the right of discharging a vessel at any time, and the Quartermaster-General issued an order which required that the vessel’s compensation be reduced or she be discharged, the
Conceding everything that the learned counsel for the owners has claimed as matter of fact; conceding that the Government officers refused to pay the agreed compensation; that they refused to discharge the vessels from its service; that they refused to pay the reduced compensation unless the new charter-parties were executed; and that the owners yielded solely to this pressure of property withheld- and compensation refused, it by no means follows that the harsh treatment which effected an undesired result was what the law knows as duress. Duress arises where one man forcibly and illegally withholds another man’s goods. In this case of withholding, the element of force was present, but the element of illegality was wanting. What the Government was legally bound to do was, not to return the vessels, but to pay their wages. The fact that the Government possessed an all-controlling power of retention, superior to all legal remedies, and the reasonableness of the claimants’ demands, and the perseverance with which they sought to procure payment of the money due to them or a return of their property, combine to mislead the mind into the belief that the compulsion was that which the law defines as duress, and the agreements such as the law regards as involuntary. But if the case be brought to the test of comparing it to a similar transaction between two ordinary persons, it will be found that the vessels were always rightfully in service by the terms of the original charter-parties, and that their retention was never in any sense illegal nor by virtue of the right of eminent domain. Let it be supposed that.such a person had chartered these vessels and
It follows from this that the liability of the defendants for the injuries sustained by the barge Perry, in 1864, must be determined by her second charter-party, which provided that the marine risk should be borne by the owners “when in service in loaiers usually navigated by barges, otherwise by the United States-." The injury was confessedly one of marine risk, but the waters of the Potomac had not been navigated by such barges before the war, though they were safe and suitable for barge-navigation. We are of the opinion that the charter-party intended to draw a distinction of substance, and that the intent which it ambiguously expresses was that when the barge should be taken into waters not safe and suitable for barge-navigation, such as on her voyage from Hew York to the Potomac, the marine risk should be borne by the charterers, but that when in waters suited to her size find structure it should be borne by her owners. Upon this construction of the insurance clause the claimants cannot recover.
As to the barge Gardiner, it is sufficient to say that the injury occurred under the original charter-party, which provided that “ the marine and all other risks” should be borne by the defendants.
As to the last item of damage, the deterioration of all the barges while in service, it arises under the new charter-parties,
To the majority of the court it seems clear that these covenants are not inconsistent with each other, and that due effect should be given to all. The owners may well have said, when they let their vessels, “We are willing to warrant their seagoing qualities and to assume such risks as can be covered by marine insurance, but you propose to take our vessels for an unlimited time under your own control, to send them we know not where, and to employ them in the transportation of we know not what; they may be hacked by soldiers, and stamped and gnawed by horses, and'jarred by artillery. Since you acquire . the right to send them where you please and use them as you please, and we surrender the right of rejecting a cargo or employment which might be injurious to them, you must assure us that they shall be returned to us in as good condition as you received them, ordinary wear' and tear and marine casualties and disasters excepted.” The contingencies anticipated by the contracting parties for the most part arose. When a marine disaster brought a vessel within the owners’ covenant to keep her tight, staunch, and strong, and in every respect fit for merchant-service, her time lost thereby was deducted from her earnings and her repairs were charged to her owners. Conversely, if the barges were not returned to their owners in the same order as when received, ordinary wear and tear and marine disasters excepted, the defendants should be held liable under their covenant.
The judgment of the court is that the claimants recover of the defendants the sum of $3,653.S5.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
The questions are, whether the petitioners waived the first charters, or authorized such conclusion by the defendants. I think both questions are negatived by the protest.
Every case of protest involves a submission to terms required, as well as a reservation of legal rights, and notice of this to the other party, and it is only the submission to terms required that makes the necessity for the protest, or any occasion for it. • Thus, where an excise officer, at the common law, or a collector, under the statute, demands more than is due, and the other party pays what is demanded under protest, such payment is a submission to the terms required, but the protest that accompanies it prevents the officer, or the law, from receiving such submission to the terms required as an acceptance of them, and is a notice that the party paying does not thereby waive his legal rights, but will enforce them; and in the case at bar the execution of the second charters under protest, and the subsequent conformity to them, in receiving, &c., and receipting in full for the money payable under them, &e., was but such submission to terms required, with express notice to.the defendants that the petitioners did not accept them in lieu of the terms in the first charters, and would enforce their rights under those.
If the petitioners could have possessed themselves of their barges, upon the Government’s non-compliance with the first charters, then their leaving them in the possession of the Government under the second charter would have been an acceptance of the latter in lieu of the former, for if¡ would have been an election of the petitioners between alternatives $ but the petitioners had no such right and no such election, for they claimed under the first charters, and those entitled the United States to hold the barges during their pleasure, and gave the petitioners no right of re-entry or repossession of the barges for non-payment of the hire, but only a right of action for the hire as it accrued; so that in December, 1863, the petitioners’ only legal demand was for the hire then due, and this they were free to sue for at any time within the statute of limitations. So it was afterward their right to sue for each monthly payment as it became due, or to avoid such a vexatious multiplicity of suits, and await the determination of their contract, and then
Where a debtor refuses to pay the amount due and tenders a less sum the creditot may receive the sum tendered under protest, and afterward sue for and recover the balance; because the protest notified-the debtor the balance would be claimed of him, and he made his payment of the less sum with that knowledge. I think the same principle governs this case. The con: trolling subject of the parties’ consideration was the monthly hire, and the charters were only means for that, and the United States refused to pay the hire stipulated in first set of charters and tendered a less sum in the second, and the conformity of the petitioners to those second charters was merely their receipt of the less sum under protest, which notified the defendants this claim would be made on them. The petitioners, it is truej received the benefit of the less sum paid them from the time of its receipt, and that is always the case where a debtor tenders less than was due, and is, under a protest, sued for the balance.
As I think the petitioners’ execution of and conformity to the second charters consistent with their protest, I think the effect of that was to preserve the petitioners’ rights under the first charters, and that those Should make the measure of their recovery.