670 F. Supp. 2d 1106 | E.D. Cal. | 2009
SIERRA FOREST LEGACY, et al., Plaintiffs,
v.
Mark REY, in his official capacity as Under Secretary of Agriculture, et al., Defendants.
People of the State of California, ex rel. Edmund G. Brown Jr., Attorney General, Plaintiff,
v.
United States Department of Agriculture, et al., Defendants. and
Tuolumne County Alliance for Resources & Environment, et al.; California Ski Industry Ass'n; Quincy Library Group, et al.; and California Cattlemen's Ass'n, Defendant-Intervenors.
United States District Court, E.D. California.
*1108 Gregory Cahill Loarie, Michael Ramsey Sherwood, Earthjustice, Oakland, CA, Patrick Gallagher, Sierra Club Environmental Law Program, David Brian Edelson, The Wilderness Society, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiff.
Barclay Thomas Samford, United States Dept. of Justice, Denver, CO, David Taylor Shelledy, U.S. Attorney's Office, Sacramento, CA, Cynthia Sue Huber, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Natural Resources Section, Department of Justice, Washington, DC, Michael Bruce Jackson, Michael B. Jackson, Attorney at Law, Quincy, CA, for Defendants.
J. Michael Klise, Thomas R. Lundquist, Crowell and Moring LLP, Steven P. Rice, Crowell & Moring LLP, Irvine, CA, Washington, DC, for Defendant-Intervenors.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
MORRISON C. ENGLAND, JR., District Judge.
In ruling on summary judgment motions filed in both of these cases in August and September of 2008, this Court found for liability purposes that the 2004 Framework complied with the provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the National Forest Management *1109 Act (NFMA), except to the extent that the 2004 Framework was implemented without sufficient review of alternatives other than the chosen option. Our determination in that regard was guided by the Ninth Circuit's decision in Sierra Forest Legacy v. Rey, 526 F.3d 1228, 1231 (9th Cir.2008). In that decision, the Ninth Circuit reversed this Court's denial of a preliminary injunction in this matter on narrow grounds, finding the Plaintiffs were likely to succeed on the claim that the Forest Service failed to consider all reasonable alternatives in the 2004 SEIS.[1] In particular, the Ninth Circuit found that the SEIS for the 2004 Framework could not rely on alternatives modeled in the 2001 Framework EIS because of modeling changes between the two documents. The Ninth Circuit further faulted the Forest Service for failing to consider alternative methods of funding fire reduction work.
On the basis of this alternatives defect, both Plaintiff Sierra Forest Legacy ("Legacy") and Plaintiff People of the State of California ex rel. Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Attorney General ("California") now argue for extraordinarily broad relief in the remedies phase of the case.[2] Plaintiffs demand that we substantively enjoin implementation of the entire 2004 Framework in any of the eleven forests subject to the Framework, and request that the 2001 Framework be reinstated. Plaintiffs request a permanent injunction to that effect.
STANDARD
To obtain permanent injunctive relief, a plaintiff must show: 1) that it has suffered an irreparable injury; 2) that remedies available at law, such as monetary damages, are inadequate to compensate for that injury; 3) that, considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff and defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted; and 4) that the public interest would not be disserved by a permanent injunction. Northern Cheyenne Tribe v. Norton, 503 F.3d 836, 843 (9th Cir.2007) (quoting eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, 547 U.S. 388, 391, 126 S.Ct. 1837, 164 L.Ed.2d 641 (2006)).
This traditional analysis for assessing injunctive relief is not altered by the fact the Plaintiffs have alleged an environmental injury. The Lands Council v. McNair, 537 F.3d 981, 1005 (9th Cir.2008) (en banc) ("our law does not ... allow us to abandon a balance of harms analysis just because a potential environmental injury is at issue.") See also Sierra Club v. Penfold, 857 F.2d 1307, 1318 (9th Cir.1988 ("in the context of environmental injury, irreparable damage is not presumed in evaluating agency action.")).
To obtain permanent injunctive relief in this, like any other case, Plaintiffs bear the burden of proving a substantial immediate irreparable injury by a preponderance of the evidence. Orantes-Hernandez v. Thornburgh, 919 F.2d 549, 558 (9th Cir.1990). Plaintiffs must establish a likelihood, rather than a mere possibility, of substantial and immediate injury. Winter v. Natural Resources Def. Council, Inc., ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 365, 375-76, 172 L.Ed.2d 249 (2008).
In determining the propriety of injunctive relief, it must also be remembered that an injunction is an "extraordinary remedy" which does not issue "as of *1110 course" or for "trifling" injuries. Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 311-12, 102 S.Ct. 1798, 72 L.Ed.2d 91 (1982). Moreover, the Ninth Circuit admonishes that a injunction, if issued, "must be narrowly tailored to give only the relief to which plaintiffs are entitled." Orantes-Hernandez v. Thornburgh, 919 F.2d at 558; see also Clark v. Coye, 60 F.3d 600, 604 (9th Cir.1995). Narrow, curative remedies that do not prohibit the agency from acting are favored. See Elings v. C.I.R., 324 F.3d 1110, 1113 n. 14 (9th Cir.2003).
The district court has broad discretion in weighing the equitable factors germane to deciding whether injunctive relief is, or is not, indicated. The Lands Council v. McNair, 537 F.3d at 1003-05 (9th Cir.2008) (en banc). Relief should consequently be narrowly tailored to remedy the legal violation found and to balance the hardships between the parties.
ANALYSIS
A. This Court Lacks Jurisdiction To Issue A Substantive Injunction For A Procedural NEPA Violations Found To Exist In A Programmatic Document Like The 2004 Framework.
The 2004 Framework, as a programmatic document, does not itself authorize any timber harvesting. Project level proposals for on-the-ground harvesting/treatment activities are separately evaluated under NEPA on a project-by-project basis.
We have already noted in our summary judgment rulings that substantive challenges to the 2004 Framework, in the abstract, are not ripe for adjudication. Instead, substantive relief is limited to justiciable site-specific controversies. On a programmatic Framework basis, as we have also already concluded, we are limited to providing procedural relief. Although the specific Basin, Slapjack and Empire projects targeted by Legacy may implicate certain defects within the 2004 Framework, that still does not render the entire Framework amenable to judicial review and relief. Instead, any substantive relief accorded by the court is limited to the scope of site-specific projects. Accordingly, this Court lacks jurisdiction over Plaintiffs'[3] substantive claims against the programmatic 2004 Framework. A procedural shortcoming under an environmental statute does not create any presumption in favor of a substantive injunction. Northern Cheyenne Tribe v. Hodel, 851 F.2d 1152, 1158 (9th Cir.1988).
Plaintiffs nonetheless argue that where an EIS like that employed in developing the 2004 Framework is found to be legally deficient, the appropriate remedy is to set aside the plan, reinstate the pre-existing plan, and enjoin site-specific activities that are inconsistent with the prior plan. Plaintiffs consequently ask for an injunction mandating implementation of the 2001, rather than 2004 Framework, along with a blanket prohibition of all projects promulgated under the auspices of the 2004 plan. They cite Oregon Natural Desert Ass'n v. Bureau of Land Mgt., 531 F.3d 1114 (9th Cir.2008) in support of that request, but nonetheless concede such a remedy is subject to the traditional equitable balancing attendant to injunctive relief. Significantly, in Citizens for Envtl. Quality v. United States, 731 F.Supp. 970 (D.Colo.1989), like this case, the court found deficiencies in the applicable forest plan, including *1111 a failure to include an adequate range of alternatives. The Citizens court nonetheless declined to set aside the forest plan as a whole and directed the agency to remedy the deficiencies identified, while leaving the plan in place. Id. at 997. That decision is equally applicable here and supports a finding that the Court should be permitted to craft a remedy it considers appropriate under the facts of this case. The APA itself, under which NEPA challenges are heard, expressly gives the courts discretion to act on any appropriate legal or equitable ground in crafting a remedy. 5 U.S.C. § 701.
Given the discretion accorded to the court and the relatively minor nature of the 2004 Framework's NEPA violation,[4] any blanket injunction against implementation of the entire 2004 Framework (which regulates some 11.5 million acres of land contained within eleven California national forests) is an excessively-broad rather than a narrowly-tailored injunction. Instead, the availability of site-specific NEPA review can ameliorate any harm from ongoing projects while the agency corrects a program level NEPA error. See Northern Cheyenne Tribe v. Norton, 503 F.3d at 844. The specifics of a remedy along those lines will be discussed below.
B. Plaintiffs' Proposed Programmatic Remedy Also Fails Under Traditional Injunction Standards.
In ruling on liability issues by way of summary judgment, this Court already rejected the claimed shortcomings in the Framework identified by Plaintiff, shortcomings that included both unnecessary logging not required for fire control and forest health, excessive grazing, and impacts on wildlife caused by such activities. Plaintiffs now, in an attempt to revisit those issues, have now produced additional declarations from their experts that they claim establish the irreparable harm and public interest concerns necessary to sustain injunctive relief. Plaintiffs' expert submission, in turn, spawned some fifteen declarations submitted by the Forest Service and those Forest Service declarations prompted Plaintiffs to file still more declarations in rebuttal.
The Court's review of the new declarations submitted causes it to conclude that Plaintiffs are again trying to discredit what appear to be thorough, reasonable expert conclusions reached by the Forest Service following considerable effort and analysis. In such a "battle of the experts", the law provides that the Forest Service is entitled to rely on the reasoned opinions of its experts. The Lands Council v. McNair, 537 F.3d at 993 (noting that courts should conduct a "particularly deferential review" of an agency's predictive judgments about areas within the agency's field of discretion and expertise, as long as they are reasonable); Marsh v. Oregon Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 377-85, 109 S.Ct. 1851, 104 L.Ed.2d 377 (1989) (agencies' scientific opinion prevails in a battle-of-experts situation).
The Forest Service has concluded, for example, that the risk of stand-replacing wildfire is more significant to the survival of species like the California spotted owl that the risk that some habitat and preferred trees will be lost in attempting to ameliorate the fire risk. The Court should *1112 not second-guess the Forest Service's reasoned determination that the 2004 Framework accomplishes greater fuels reduction and better serves the public interest in protecting human, animal and old growth tree communities from stand replacing wildfires. The same holds true for the Forest Service's conclusion that the prescriptions outlined by the 2004 Framework better address other forest health issues like drought and insect damage. Even California admits that "we must take action to address the very real risk of wildfire and beetle bark infestation," as discussed in the declarations submitted on behalf of the Forest Service. California's Reply Brief, p. 14.
With respect to the public interest, only the 2004 Framework would fully implement the QLG Pilot Project and allow achievement of that experiment in forest management mandated by Congress, which aims to both lower the risks of widespread wildfires and to support local economies. Moreover, the public interest represented by other national forest statutes-including the NFMA-supports achievement of a wide array of multiple-use benefits under the 2004 Framework, instead of the short-term tree preservation emphasized in the 2001 Framework.
The balancing of the hardships required in assessing injunctive relief does not appear to favor Plaintiffs' position, either. As opposed to wildlife and logging concerns already largely discredited in the liability portion of this case (and not revived by the competing expert declarations submitted on behalf of all sides in briefing the remedies issue herein), the 2004 Framework offers better long-term forest health, increased protection to species in the long run by improved forest management, reduced fire risk to people and communities, and economic benefits to stagnating forest industries in the form of increased treatment facilities. As the Forest Service correctly points out, such activities not only create jobs but also sustain the infrastructure needed to properly manage forest resources, infrastructure which may be lost if treatment options are further constricted.
All these concerns must be weighed by the courts in determining the availability of injunctive relief. As the Ninth Circuit recently explained in its 2008 en banc decision in The Lands Council v. McNair, supra:
In balancing the harms, we must weigh the environmental injuries invoked by the Lands Council against the other injuries identified by the Forest Service and Intervenors.... Our law does not, however, allow us to abandon a balance of harms analysis just because a potential environmental injury is at issue.... Though preserving environmental resources is certainly in the public's interest, the [timber harvesting] Project benefits the public's interest in a variety of other ways. According to the Forest Service, the Project will decrease the risk of catastrophic fire, insect infestation, and disease, and further the public's interest in aiding the struggling local economy and preventing job loss ... The Court did not clearly err in concluding that the balance of harms did not tip sharply in Land Council's favor.
The Lands Council v. McNair, 537 F.3d at 1004-05.
Moreover, it must also be remembered that the 2004 Framework has been in place some five years and has guided the management of the eleven national forests within the Sierra Nevada region during that entire period. Plaintiffs urge both retroactive and prospective application of the 2001 Framework given the procedural defect identified within its 2004 successor. That approach would waste countless resources already devoted *1113 to project assessment and disrupt continuing efforts to accomplish both badly-needed forest treatment and multiple-use forest objectives.
C. Remedy
We have already demonstrated why a Plaintiffs' attempt to enjoin any project prepared under the auspices of the 2004 Framework must fail, whether for jurisdictional reasons or upon assessment of the traditional factors for granting injunctive relief. We must now determine what relief is indicated given the NEPA alternatives defect contained within the 2004 Framework as it presently stands.
In its 2007 Northern Cheyenne decision, the district court, like this court, found certain procedural deficiencies but (also like this case) for the most part found that the EIS in question complied with NEPA. The district court refused to return to the pre-amendment status quo, and instead allowed development to proceed while the agency remedied the deficiencies of the programmatic NEPA document. Northern Cheyenne, 503 F.3d at 842, 844. The Ninth Circuit affirmed, finding that the district court's remedy "sufficiently took account of the potential harms to both sides." Id. at 844.
Additionally, in High Sierra Hikers Ass'n v. Blackwell, 390 F.3d 630, 638 (9th Cir.2004), the Ninth Circuit also declined to return to the status quo ante in the face of a procedural NEPA violation, noting that the district court had "broad latitude" in fashioning relief that provided interim relief for the environment pending compliance with NEPA.
While Plaintiffs attempt to distinguish both Northern Cheyenne and High Sierra Hikers on grounds that much of the activities at issue were in fact ultimately precluded, the fact remains that both cases allowed some level of continued implementation for activities which the courts concluded did not have adequate analysis under NEPA. This is consistent with the broad discretion accorded courts in fashioning equitable remedies in the face of NEPA/APA violations.
In exercising that discretion, the Court orders the Forest Service to prepare another supplemental EIS on the Framework, one that meets the range of alternatives and analytical consistency identified by the Ninth Circuit in its decision on the preliminary injunction portion of this case. That supplemental EIS process is to be completed not later than May 1, 2010.
While the Forest Service suggests a procedural remedy in the guise of a requirement that it address the alternatives issue within the revision process for each of the forest plans covered by the 2004 Framework (these revisions are expected to occur between 2009 and 2011), as Plaintiffs point out such forest revisions do not require an EIS and the public input associated within an EIS, and consequently are not an acceptable substitute for an alternatives analysis that should have been done within the EIS in the first place.
At a project level, where the Court can properly make substantive recommendations, it orders the Forest Service to include a detailed consideration of project alternatives, including a non-commercial funding alternative, for all new fuel reduction projects not already evaluated and approved as of the date of this Memorandum and Order. Plaintiffs attempt to discredit this project-specific way of addressing the alternatives deficiencies of the 2004 Framework by arguing that site-specific plans must tier to, and be consistent with, the programmatic management plan. Inland Empire v. USFS, 88 F.3d 754, 757 (9th Cir.1996). Plaintiffs therefore claim that the Forest Service cannot remedy its failure to consider forest plan alternatives by considering alternatives at the site-specific *1114 level. Such a narrow view, however, does not comport with the discretion accorded courts in fashioning an appropriate equitable remedy to NEPA violations under the APA.
CONCLUSION
In sum, the Court orders that the Forest Service address the NEPA violation previously identified in both these cases by a combination of 1) addressing the procedural Framework defect through a supplemental EIS process, to be completed not later than May 1, 2010; and 2) rectifying any on-site substantive deficiencies by requiring, for new fuel-reduction projects, an amplified alternatives analysis at the project level as delineated above. Existing projects already evaluated and approved may continue while the Forest Service progresses through the supplemental EIS process.
Apart from the above-enumerated relief, however, the Court DENIES Plaintiff Legacy's Renewed Motion for Injunctive Relief (Docket No. 283) to the extent it seeks to set aside the 2004 Framework in its entirety and replace said Framework with its 2001 predecessor. The Court further rejects the request, made by Plaintiff California in its remedy briefing, for the same injunctive relief.
In order to encourage the parties to come to a voluntary agreement concerning these matters without additional judicial intervention, the Court stays this Order, for a period of thirty (30) days after the date it is electronically filed, in order to facilitate such settlement discussions. Once that thirty (30)-day period expires, the directives of this Order shall take effect without further notice.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1] While the panel decision in Rey was later superseded by an additional opinion on August 13, 2009 (Sierra Forest Legacy v. Rey, 577 F.3d 1015 (9th Cir.2009)) that amended opinion still found that same alternatives violation.
[2] At the parties' request, we deferred addressing the remedies aspect of this matter pending additional briefing after questions of liability had been decided.
[3] While Legacy does target the specific projects enumerated above, the State's challenge is entirely programmatic. While the State argues that the same principles apply to both its proposed programmatic injunction and the site-specific challenges made by Legacy, that position is incorrect.
[4] Even the alternatives defects identified by the Ninth Circuit, and recognized by us on summary judgment, may well be inconsequential. According to the Declaration of Klaus Barber submitted by the Forest Service, any change in modeling assumptions between 2001 and 2004 made no significant difference in the model outputs. Barber Decl., ¶¶ 10, 11. This militates against any appreciable difference between the assumptions utilized in the 2001 and 2004 Frameworks after all, a conclusion which would further minimize the import of the alternatives violation found by the Ninth Circuit.