273 S.W. 153 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1925
Plaintiff recovered judgment for $3000, and defendant appeals.
Plaintiff injured one of her fingers while handling tobacco boxes, by having her finger come in contact with a splinter on the inside of one of the boxes. The negligence counted upon in the petition was: (a) Negligent failure to furnish plaintiff a reasonably safe box; (b) failure to exercise ordinary care to inspect; (c) failure to remove the splinter from the box; and (d) failure to warn plaintiff.
The answer was a general denial, coupled with a plea of contributory negligence and assumption of risk.
The evidence offered on the part of the plaintiff discloses that she was thirty-three years of age, and resided with her mother in the city of St. Louis. She was working for defendant, and her work consisted of packing tobacco in boxes. In doing this work, plaintiff stood at a table. On this table plugs of chewing tobacco were placed to be packed in boxes. Each plug of tobacco was three inches wide, one foot long, and a little less than one-half inch in thickness. This tobacco was packed by plaintiff in wooden boxes. The dimension of these boxes was six inches wide, twelve inches long, and three inches deep. Sixteen plugs were placed in a box. The boxes were brought to plaintiff on a truck. Plaintiff had nothing to do with the work of loading the boxes on the truck or bringing them to the table at which she worked. When a truck-load of boxes would be brought to plaintiff they would be piled upon the truck to a height of about six feet. Plaintiff would take two boxes at a time from the *167 truck by grasping the sides of the two boxes with her right hand. This was the method of performing the work, which was done hurriedly. The boxes when brought to plaintiff were new boxes from the Mengel Box Factory adjacent to the defendant's place of business. The boxes were new, and none of them had been used. At the time plaintiff received her injury she had been working for the defendant about two weeks, and while engaged in her duties of packing tobacco she started to take some boxes from a truck-load which had just been brought to her table. She reached up and caught hold of two boxes in the manner aforementioned, as it was her duty to do in the performance of her work, and in catching hold of the two boxes one of her fingers was pierced by a splinter on the inside of one of the boxes. This was on a Saturday, and plaintiff worked until quitting time, which was twelve o'clock. In the afternoon the injured finger began to cause her pain, and continually grew worse until the next morning, when she went to her physician. The finger continued to grow worse and became more infected until the final result was a permanent injury to the middle finger in that it became stiff, and other fingers on her hand were so impaired as a result thereof that she has permanently lost more than fifty per cent. of the normal use of her right hand. Plaintiff was receiving $11.25 a week while working in defendant's employ.
The defendant introduced two witnesses who testified in its behalf.
Frank Scheffer, Superintendent of the Mengel Box Company which manufactured the boxes in question, testified that he had been in the employ of the box company for twenty-four years; that the Mengel Box Company had been engaged in making boxes for forty years, and had a factory adjoining defendant's and in the same building, as well as factories in several other large cities in the United States; that the Mengel Box Company manufactures all the wooden boxes used by the defendant, *168 and that such boxes are manufactured and inspected by the company and then conveyed to the defendant's factory; that the inspector of the boxes is supposed to pick out defective ones if they are found.
Edward R. Carr, foreman of defendant's press room, where the plaintiff worked, testified that he had been working for the defendant for thirty years; that the boxes used by the defendant company are brought into its factory by means of a chute; that the defendant has a man at the chute who receives the boxes and throws aside any defective boxes, and places the accepted ones on a truck, from which point the boxes are taken to the place where they are packed or filled with tobacco; that the Mengel Box Company is a reputable company, and that the defendant gets boxes from the Mengel Box Company and uses them just as it receives them. He also testified that the man who receives the boxes at the chute is instructed to throw out any that are not fit for use, and that if the inspector should see a box containing any kind of defect, such as not being safe for any one to handle, he is expected to throw it out. He stated, also, that it was the duty of defendant's inspector to receive these boxes at the chute from the Mengel Company, and inspect them for the purpose of seeing if they contained splinters, and if he discovered such to throw the boxes to one side. It appears that the plaintiff made no complaint to any employee of the company as to any injury which she received at the time.
At the close of the plaintiff's case, and at the close of the whole case, the defendant asked an instruction in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence. This the court refused.
Defendant assigns as error the court's action in refusing to give its instruction to the effect that there was no liability on the part of the defendant. A decision of this question eliminates practically all the questions raised on appeal. Defendant seeks to relieve itself of liability in this case under the rule that the appliance *169 furnished by it was not complicated or dangerous and there was no duty on its part to inspect; and that there is no evidence that other persons in the same circumstances inspected boxes for splinters, and therefore there was no standard furnished from which the jury could conclude that the defendant should have inspected the boxes for splinters.
It is the unquestioned rule of law that, where an appliance furnished by the master is not complicated or dangerous, and is purchased from a reputable and standard maker, the master is not required to make a minute inspection of it for latent defects, and a proper inspection depends upon the nature of the thing to be inspected, and the use to which it is put. Even though the appliance be a simple one, if it is put to a hazardous use the master owes the servant the duty of exercising reasonable care by the inspection of the appliance to ascertain if it is in a reasonably safe condition. In determining just what duty the master owes under such conditions, many circumstances must be considered. The construction of the appliance, the materials composing it, the uses to which it is put, and the dangers attending its use, with many varying circumstances, must all be taken into account, and it is impossible to lay down a rule of conduct which would serve as a test or measure in all cases in ascertaining whether or not the master is discharging the duty imposed upon him by law, for what might be ordinary care in one case would be negligence in another. [Near v. Railroad,
The master in the instant case purchased the boxes from a reputable manufacturer, and the boxes were a simple appliance, and were not put to a particularly hazardous use. Therefore the facts of this case make it such a one as comes close to the rule relieving the master of liability. But we have in this case a patent defect, and not a hidden one. The master was not required to take the boxes apart or to make a minute examination in order to discover an inch and a half splinter protruding from *170 the inside of a box as small as the ones being used by the plaintiff. The defendant recognized its duty to exercise ordinary case to inspect the boxes, because it kept a receiver or an inspector at the chute to receive these boxes from the Mengel Company, and, according to defendant's own testimony, it was the duty of such inspector to throw aside any boxes containing splinters such as the one upon which plaintiff received her injury. The question then arises: Could plaintiff, by the exercise of ordinary care, have discovered the defective condition of this box? And, as stated in 18 R.C.L., p. 564:
"Assuming the defect which caused the injury to have been discoverable by the exercise of proper care, some one ought, in fairness, to be held responsible for its existence, and it is a mere mockery of justice to absolve the master simply on the ground that he was justified in trusting to the skill and diligence of a person who, if that skill and diligence were, as a matter of fact, not exercised, is not liable to the servant, because there is no privity of contract between them. In view of these considerations modern tendencies seem to be in favor of holding that the mere purchase of the offending instrumentality from a reputable dealer is not alone sufficient to excuse the employer, but that with this requirement is coupled the duty of such reasonable examination as is practicable by a prudent man under similar circumstances."
Inasmuch as the defect in the box was a patent defect, and no minute examination would be required to discover it, the defendant owed plaintiff the duty of using such care as would detect such defect if such could have been detected by a reasonable inspection. [Blankenship v. Paint Glass Co.,
There are objections made to the court's action in refusing to give certain instructions requested by defendant, but what we have heretofore stated with respect to the law as applicable to the facts of this case disposes of these objections also.
It follows from what has been said that the judgment should be affirmed. It is so ordered. Daues, P.J., and Becker, J., concur.
