William James Sidis was the unwilling subject of a brief biographical sketch and cartoon printed in The New Yorker weekly magazine for August 14, 1937. Further references were made to him in the issue of December 25, 1937, and in a newspaper advertisement announcing the August 14 issue. He brought an action in the district court against the publisher, F-R Publishing Corporation. His complaint stated three “causes of action”: The first alleged violation of his right of privacy as that right is recognized in California, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, and Missouri; the second charged infringement of the rights afforded him under §§ 50 and 51 of the N. Y. Civil Rights Law (Consol.Laws, c. 6) ; the third claimed malicious libel under the laws of Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. Defendant’s motion to dismiss the first two “causes of action” was granted, and plaintiff has filed an appeal from the order of dismissal. Since a majority of this court believe that order appealable, for reasons referred to below, we may consider the merits of the case.
William James Sidis was a famous child prodigy in 1910. His name and prowess were well known to newspaper readers of the period. At the age of eleven, he lectured to distinguished mathematicians on the subject of Four-Dimensional Bodies, When he was sixteen, he was graduated from Harvard College, amid considerable public attention. Since then, his name has appeared in the press only sporadically, and he has sought to live as unobtrusively ... TTfai., . . . , . , , / as possible. Until the articles objected to F .... .. . . J, , aPPear,ed 111 The New Yorker, he had ap Pare*t:lV succeeded m his endeavor to av01 e Pu 1C Saze-
Among The New Yorker’s features are brief biographical sketches of current and past P61"8011^^^8' In the latter department, which appears haphazardly under the title of “Where Are They Now?” the artide on Sidis was printed with a subtitle “April Fool.” The author describes his subject’s early accomplishments in mathemаtics and the wide-spread attention he received, then recounts his general break-down and the revulsion which Sidis there-after felt for his former life of fame and The unfortunate prodigy is traced ove/ the years that follo^ed> g¿rough his attempts to conceal his identity, through his chosen career as an insignificant clerk who would -not need to employ unusual mathematiсal talents, and through the bi-zarre ways in which his genius flowered, as in his enthusiasm for collecting streetcar transfers and in his proficiency with an adding machine. The article closes with an account of an interview with Si-dis at his present lodgings, “a hall bedroom of Boston’s shabby south end.” The untidiness of his room, his curious laugh, his manner of speech, and other personal habits are commentеd upon at length, as is his present interest in the lore of the Okamakammessett Indians. The subtitle is explained by the closing sentence, quot-ing Sidis as saying “with a grin” that it was strange, “but, you know, I was born on April Fool’s Day.” Accompanying the biography is a small cartoon showing the genius of eleven years lecturing to a group of astounded professors.
it is not contended that any of the mat-tеr printed is untrue. Nor is the manner Gf the author unfriendly; Sidis today' is described as having “a certain childlike charm.” But the article is merciless in’ its dissection of intimate details of its sub-ject’s personal life, and this in company with elaborate accounts of Sidis’ passion for privacy and the pitiable lengths to which he has gone in order to avoid pub-lie scrutiny. The work possesses great rеader interest, for it is both amusing and instructive; but it may be fairly described as a ruthless exposure of a once public character, who has since sought and has *808 now been deprived of the seclusion of private life.
The article of December 25, 1937, was a biographical sketch of another former child prodigy, in the course of which William James Sidis and the recent account of him were mentioned. The advertisement published in the New York World-Telegram of August 13, 1937, read: “Out Today. Harvard Prodigy. Biography of the man who astonished Harvard at age 11. Where are they now? by J. L. Manley. Page 22. The New Yorker.”
The complaint contains a general allegation, repeated for all the claims, of publication by the defendant of The New Yorker, “a weekly magazine of wide circulation throughout the Unitеd States.” Then each separate “cause” contains an allegation that the defendant publicly circulated the articles or caused them to be circulated in the particular states upon whose law that cause is assumed to be founded. Circulation of the New York World-Telegram advertisement is, however, alleged only with respect to the second “cause,” for asserted violation of New York law.
1. Under the first “cause of action” we are asked to declare that this exposure transgresses upon plaintiff’s right of privacy,- as recognized in California, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, and Missouri.
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Each of these states except California grants to the individual a common law right, and California a constitutional right,
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tо be let alone to a certain extent. The decisions have been carefully analyzed by the court below,
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and we need not examine them further. None of the cited rulings goes so far as to prevent a newspaper or magazine from publishing the truth about a person, however intimate, revealing, or harmful the truth may be. Nor are there any decided casеs that confer such a privilege upon the press. Under the mandate of Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins,
All comment upon the right of privacy must stem from the famous article by Warren and Brandéis on The Right of Privacy in 4 Harv.L.Rev. 193. The learned authors of that paper 'were convinced that some limits ought to be imposed upon the privilege of newspapers to publish truthful items of a personal nature. “The press is overstepping in every direction the obvious bounds of propriety and of decency. Gossip is no longer the resource of the idle and of the vicious, but has become a trade, whiсh is pursued with industry as well as effrontery. * * * The intensity and complexity of life, attendant upon advancing civilization, have rendered necessary some retreat from the world, and man, under the refining influence of culture, has become- more sensitive to publicity, so that solitude and privacy have become more essential to the individual; but modern enterprise and invention have, through invasions upon his privacy, subjected him to mental pain and distress, far greater than could be inflicted by mere *809 bodily injury.” Warren and Brandéis, supra at page 196.
Warren and Brandéis realized that the interest of the individual in privacy must inevitably conflict with the interest of the public in news. Certain public figures, they conceded, such as holders of public office, must sacrifice their privacy and expose at least part of their lives to public scrutiny as the price of the powers they attain. But even public figures were not to be stripped bare. “In general, then, the matters of which the publication should be repressed may be described as those which concern the private life, habits, acts, and relations of an individual, and have no legitimate connection with his fitness for a public office. * * * Some things all men alike are entitled to keep from popular curiosity, whether in public life or not, while others are only private because the persons concerned have not assumed a position which makes their doings legitimate matters of public investigation.” Warren and Brandéis, supra at page 216.
It must be conceded that under the strict standаrds suggested by these authors plaintiff’s right of privacy has been invaded. Sidis today is neither politician, public administrator, nor statesman. Even if he were, some of the personal details revealed were of the sort that Warren and Brandéis believed “all men alike are entitled to keep from popular curiosity.”
But despite eminent opinion to the contrary,
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we are not yet disposed to afford to all of the intimаte details of private life an absolute immunity from the prying of the press. Everyone will agree that at some point the public interest in obtaining information becomes dominant over the individual’s desire for privacy. Warren and Brandéis were willing to lift the veil somewhat in the case of public officers. We would go further, though we are not yet prepared to say how far. At least we would permit limited scrutiny of the “private” life of any person who has achieved, or has had thrust upon him, the questionable and indefinable status of a “public figure.” See Restatement, Torts, § 867, comments c and d; Corliss v. E. W. Walker Co., C.C.Mass.,
William James Sidis was once a public figure. As a child prodigy, he excited both admiration and curiosity. Of him great deeds were expected. In 1910, he was a person about whom the newspapers might display a legitimate intellectual interest, in the sense meant by Warren and Brandéis, as distinguished from a trivial and unseemly curiosity. But the precise motives of the press we regard as unimportant. And even if Sidis had loathed public attention at that time, we think his uncommоn achievements and personality would have made the attention permissible. Since then Sidis has cloaked himself in obscurity, but his subsequent history, containing as it did the answer to the question of whether or not he had fulfilled his early promise, was still a matter of public concern. The article in The New Yorker sketched the life of an unusual personality, and it possessed considerable popular news interest.
We express no comment on whether or not the news worthiness of the matter printed will always constitute a complete defense. Revelations may be so intimate and so unwarranted in view of the victim’s position as to outrage the community’s notions of decency. But when focused upon public characters, truthful comments upon dress, speech, habits, and the ordinary aspects of personality will usually not transgress this line. Regrettably or not, the misfortunes and frailties of neighbors and “public figures” ar.e subjects of considerable interest and discussion to the rest of the population. And when such are the mores of the community, it would be unwise for a court to bar their expression in the newspapers, books, аnd magazines of the day.
Plaintiff in his first “cause of action” charged actual malice in the publication, and now claims that an order of dismissal was improper in the face of such an allegation. We cannot agree. If plaintiff’s right of privacy was not invaded by the article, the existence of actual malice' in
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its publication would not change that re-suit. Unless mаde so by statute, a truthful and therefore non-libelous. statement will not become libelous when uttered maliciously. Restatement, Torts, § 582, comment a; George, The Count Joannes v. Jennings, 4 Hun, N.Y., 66, 6 Thomp. & C. 138; Baskett v. Crossfield,
If the article appearing in the issue of August 14, 1937, does not furnish grounds for action, then it is clеar that the brief and incidental reference to it contained in the article of December 25, 1937, is not actionable.
2. The second “cause of action” charged invasion of the rights conferred on plaintiff by §§ 50 and 51 of the N. Y. Civil Rights Law. Section 50 states that “A person, firm or corporation that uses for advertising purposes, or for the purposes of trade, the name, portrait or picture of any living person without having first obtained the written consent of such person, or if a minor of his. or her parente, r guardian is guilty of a misdemean- or. Section 51 gives_ the injured person the right to an injunction and to damages.
Before passage of this statute, it had been held that no common law right of privacy existed in New York. Roberson v. Rochester Fоlding Box Co.,
The case as to the newspaper ad_ vertisement announcing the August 14 ártíde is somewhat different, for it was undoubtedly inserted in the World-Telegram „for advertising purposes.” But.since it was to advertise the article on Sidis, and -the article itself was unobjectionable, the advertisement shares the privilege en-j’oyed by the article. Humiston v. Universal Film Mfg. Co.,
3. As an alternative contention, defendant asserts that publication occurred solely in New York and that only New York law can apply. In the view we have taken of the casе, decision of this issue is not necessary; and in the light of the allegations of the complaint, a proper consideration of it could not well be had upon this pleading alone. Cf. Banks v. King Features Syndicate, D.C. S.D. N.Y.,
4. The question as to the appeal-ability of the dismissal order arises because the third “cause of action,” alleging malicious libel as made actionable under the laws of nine states, remains standing. No motion to dismiss was made as to it, but defendant obtained an order below postponing the time for answering this cause until the disposition of the motion for dismissal, asserting that the contents of its answer would depend to a large extent upon such disposition. A majority of this court find th'e facts necessary to support the third claim to bе sufficiently different from those relied on to support the other claims so as to make the dismissal order appealable under Collins v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp., 2 Cir.,
The writer of this opinion dissents from that view. Recognizing the convеnience to the parties of the action taken, as well as the fact that the extent of a single cause or claim cannot be a matter of precise rule and must depend to a considerable exent upon ad hoc circumstances, I nevertheless feel that here was but a single transaction or occurrence, and the asserted distinctions between the claims are only differing theories of legal recovery. Hence, as I pointed out in Collins v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp., supra, and in Atwater v. North American Coal Corp., 2 Cir.,
Affirmed.
Notes
Green, The Right of Privacy, 27 Ill.L.Rev. 237, 248; Ragland, The Right of Privacy, 17 Ky.L.J. 85, 110-113; Moreland, The Right of Privacy Today, 19 Ky. L.J. 101; Lisle, The Right of Privacy (A Contra View), 19 Ky.L.J. 137; Larremore, The Law of Privacy, 12 Col.L.Rev. 693; Harper and McNeely, (1938) Wis.L.Rev. 426, 458; 5 Mo.L.Rev. 343.
Melvin v. Reid,
Judge Goddard’s decision is reported in
The cases most nearly in point are Jones v. Herald Post Co., supra note 3, and Metter v. Los Angeles Examiner, supra note 2. But both these decisions involved news events of great current interest to the community.
Warren and Brandéis, supra at page 216; Pound, Interests of Personality, 28 Harv.L.Rev. 343, 363; Green, supra note 1, at page 248; Ragland, supra note 1, at pages 110-113; Larremore, supra note 1, at page 698.
In several states the rule is to the contrary, and the basis of plaintiff’s third cause of action is the doctrine of “malicious libel” recognized in those jurisdictions. But that doctrine does not appear to he recognized by the law of the five states concerned in the first cause of action.
To the very limited extent that Martin v. New Metropolitan Fiction, Inc.,
In this respect they differ also from the libelous publications considered in cases such as Triggs v. Sun Printing & Pub. Ass’n,
Possibly, as the law review writers suggest, increased appealability where the court finds it convenient may be desirable, but the law under which we operate does not so provide. Cf. Crick, The Final Judgment as a Basis for Appeal, 41 Yale L.J. 589.