This appeal brings this case before the Court for the fourth time.
1
For consideration now is whether there was sufficient evidence of willful and wanton negligent conduct on the part of defendant to carry the case to the jury and survive defendant’s motion for directed verdict. The question of whether the driver of plaintiff’s automobile was negligent in attempting a three-point turn on Green Street is not before us. Furthermоre, plaintiff does not contend that it is error in this case to impute the negligence of the driver to the plaintiff because of her status as a passenger in her own car. This principle of imputed negligence arises from the rebuttable legal presumption that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the owner/passenger maintains the right to control and direct the operation of the automobile.
Randall v. Rogers,
Therefore, plaintiff ordinarily would be barred from any recovery against defendant because of the imputed negligence of the driver.
Hearne v. Smith,
It is a fundamental proposition that in ruling upon a motion by defendant for a directed verdict the court must take the plaintiff’s evidence as true and consider it in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.
Farmer v. Chaney,
The concept of willful and wanton negligence encompasses conduct which lies somewhere between ordinary negligence and intentional conduct. The state of mind of the actor responsible for willful and wanton negligence has been described by a leading commentator as lying within the penumbra of what is called “quasi intent”. Prosser, Torts § 34 (4th Ed.). Although the terms “willful” and “wanton” are commonly used conjunctively to describe negligence of an aggravated nature, our courts have attempted to distinguish the concepts.
See e.g., Wagoner v. R.R.,
A most helpful discussion of the concepts of “willful” negligence and “wanton” negligence can be found in
Foster v. Hyman,
“An act is done wilfully when it is done purposely and deliberately in violation of law (S. v. Whitener,93 N.C., 590 ; S. v. Lumber Co.,153 N.C., 610 ), or when it is done knowingly and of set purpose, or when the mere will has free play, without yielding to reason. McKinney v. Patterson, siipra. ‘The true conception of wilful negligence involves a deliberate purpose not to discharge some duty necessary to the safety of the person or property of another, which duty the person owing it has assumed by contract, or which is imposed on the person by operation of law.’ Thompson on Negligence (2 ed.), sec. 20, quoted in Bailey v. R.R.,149 N.C., 169 .”197 N.C. at 191 ,148 S.E. at 37 .
The Court was concerned with the subtle distinction which must be drаwn between willful negligence and an intentional tort.
*187
Willful negligence arises from the tort-feasor’s willful breach of a duty arising by operation of law.
Id.
The tort-feasor must have a deliberate purpose not to discharge a legal duty necessary to the safety of the person or property of another.
Wagoner v. R.R., supra;
Thompson on Negligence § 20
et seq.
(2d Ed.). This willful and deliberate purpose not to discharge a duty differs crucially for our purposes frоm the willful and deliberate purpose to inflict injury — the latter amounting to an intentional tort.
Foster v. Hyman, supra.
The
Foster
case has recently been quoted at length and cited with apparent approval by our Supreme Court in
Brewer v. Harris,
Sоme confusion in the application of this distinction arises because of language in our Supreme Court’s decision in
Wagoner v. R.R., supra,
which was quoted by this Court in
Hughes v. Lundstrum,
The application of the concept of wanton conduct has presented less difficulty to the courts. “An act is wanton when it is dоne of wicked purpose or when done needlessly, manifesting a reckless indifference to the rights of others.” Id. (quoted in Wagoner v. R.R., supra). The Court in Wagoner v. R.R., supra, made the following observation:
“ ‘We still have two kinds of negligence, the one consisting of carelessness and inattention whereby another is injured in his person or property, and the other consisting of a willful and intentional failure or neglect to perform a duty assumed by contract or imposed by operation of law for thе promotion of the safety of the person or property of another.’ (Citations omitted.)”238 N.C. at 168 ,77 S.E. 2d at 706 .
*188 We now apply these principles to the evidence before us to determine whether plaintiff рroduced evidence which, if believed by the jury, could support a finding that defendant was guilty of willful and wanton negligence.
Plaintiff, in arguing that there was sufficient evidence to go to the jury on the issue of willful and wanton nеgligence, cites
Brewer v. Harris, supra,
and
Pearce v. Barham,
In Brewer v. Harris, supra, the Supreme Court, in affirming this Court, held that there was sufficient evidence to go to the jury on the issue of willful and wanton conduct. The case arose out of a collision involving a 1967 Pontiac operated by James Miller and a 1968 Corvette owned and oрerated by one Rudisill. There were two passengers in the Rudisill automobile. Passenger Brewer was killed; passenger Carroll suffered personal injury. The evidence tended to show that the driver Rudisill had a .31% alcоhol content in his blood; that after stopping for a traffic light he “kicked it” and approached a curve at “well over a hundred”; that a passenger warned him two or three times to slow down; that the car left its lane of traffic and struck a telephone pole on the left side of the car; and that the final impact was a head-on collision with another vehicle which was travelling in the proрer traffic lane.
Again in Pearce v. Barham, supra, the Court found there was sufficient evidence of both willful and wanton conduct. The evidence in that case indicated that defendant was “driving in a drizzling rain, with slick tires, upgrade, at a speed of ninety miles an hour ‘or better,’ moving back and forth across the road,” crossed an intersection without stopping, and overturned in a field killing the driver and injuring the passengers.
Allegations that defendant was driving drunk at night and оn the wrong side of the street in a business section of Charlotte at a rate of 45 or 50 miles per hour were sufficient to state a cause of action for willful negligence. Foster v. Hyman, supra.
*189
However, evidence that dеfendant and plaintiff were riding motorcycles; that defendant was riding his motorcycle opposite to the customary direction followed on the dirt track; that defendant accelerated to a speed of 45 to 50 miles per hour toward plaintiff; that plaintiff drove his motorcycle off the trail to avoid collision; and that defendant apparently turned directly into plaintiff was insufficient to find willful and wantоn negligence.
Jarvis v. Sanders,
In
Johnson v. Yates,
“[Defendant driver, after drinking a quantity of intoxicants sufficient to cause his blood content of alсohol to be .17, operated the pickup truck in which intestate was riding as a passenger over a narrow rural paved road, in the nighttime, at a speed so great that when said driver lost control оf the vehicle it slid on the paved portion of the road 260 feet, then slid on the ground adjoining the road 137 feet, and then struck a tree with a 12-inch trunk with such force that the tree was uprooted and mashed into аnd around the vehicle. . . .”31 N.C. App. at 363 ,229 S.E. 2d at 312 .
Finally, the case sub judice should be distinguished from Hughes v. Lundstrum, supra. It is apparent that the Hughes Court reasoned that an instruction on willful and wanton negligence was unnecessary since the plaintiffs conduct, even considering the evidence in the light most favorable to plаintiff, was at least equally as aggravated as that of the defendant.
The evidence in the case at bar tends to show the. sequence and occurrence of the following events: The collision оccurred during the nighttime in a 35 mile-per-hour zone along Green Street which at the point of impact had a level, smooth, dry surface. Defendant was travelling between 60 and 80 miles per hour in the westbound lane and struck plaintiff’s vehicle in the eastbound lane. There was testimony that defendant shortly before the collision, was so drunk that he kept falling against his car. The same witness also testified that because of alcoholic consumption the defendant’s speech was noticeably affected and that while talking he had difficulty keeping his eyes open. He was told he was too drunk to drive.
*190 We need not summаrize plaintiff’s other evidence. The foregoing evidence alone is sufficient to require submission to the jury on the issue of willful and wanton negligence. This is ample evidence from which a jury might conclude that defendant intentionally drove his automobile while voluntarily intoxicated, in excess of the posted speed limit, and on the wrong side of the street thereby willfully breaching duties imposed upon him by law. Furthermore, the jury сould infer from the circumstances that defendant conducted himself with reckless indifference to the danger of others created by such conduct.
The trial court erred in directing a verdict for the defendant at the conclusion of plaintiffs evidence. Therefore, the judgment must be
Reversed.
Notes
. See previous opinions:
Siders v. Gibbs,