This appeal is from denials of defendant’s motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, to set aside the verdict, for a new trial and for an order of remittitur. Plaintiff had verdict for slander in the amounts of $24,800 for “general” damages, and $4,500 for “hurt feelings.”
The essential facts are: Gale R. Sias, plaintiff, 42',. prior to the institution of his action was employed, by General Motors Corporation in the Buick plant protection department. Plis duties were, generally,, patrol by unmarked car, gate supervision, time clock runs and protection of company property. Pie-started in this capacity in December, 1950. On December 10, 1960, his employment terminated. It is-the circumstances of the termination of the employment and its aftermath which give rise to the case-we consider.
Properly part of the record and virtually uncontradicted is plaintiff’s standing and general reputation in the community. He was active in many civic
Plaintiff contends: That the generator on his car became inoperative; that he was no mechanic and didn’t know what was wrong with it; that he mentioned this to a fellow employee who was a mechanic; that he (the mechanic) offered to obtain a surplus generator for plaintiff. Sias alleges he understood the purchase of the generator could be arranged as salvage from the company. The mechanic was supposed to leave it on his workbench for plaintiff to pick up. The foregoing is supported by the testimony of plaintiff and the mechanic Stevens. Apparently the mechanic did not in fact find the type of generator or parts for the generator needed before the time plaintiff believed the mechanic had obtained it.
On the night preceding plaintiff’s separation, while on 1 of his “clock runs,” he observed a generator on Stevens’ bench. Stevens, the mechanic, was working days, plaintiff nights. Plaintiff picked up from the bench what he claims he believed was the generator Stevens had selected. He asked still another employee who was working in the area of Stevens’ station whether that generator was the one Stevens had procured for him (plaintiff). The employee, Herrick, according to plaintiff, confirmed that it was.
After plaintiff’s separation, which in actuality became a resignation at his request in lieu of a pending discharge, a marked lowering in the morale of the plant protection department took place. There was testimony that there were rumors circulating which were damaging to that morale. Management chose to call in at random several plant protection men, fellow employees of plaintiff off each shift and explain why plaintiff “resigned.” It is not unreasonable to assume that curiosity existed among them as to whether plaintiff’s separation was a resignation in. fact or a discharge and, if so, for what. It was to these men, fellow employees in the same status as
The statement we are concerned with is variously said to be “misappropriation of company property,”' or “conspiring to misappropriate company property.” Whatever the form, the plain import was theft. To charge another with theft falsely is actionable
per se. Bacon
v.
Michigan Central R.
Co.,
Appellant presents 7 claimed errors. Five are-concerned with the court’s charge. One is a refusal by the judge to ask a specific question of the jurors-on voir dire. The other deals with the construction of the statute granting absolute privilege to communications, reports or statements made to the-Michigan employment security commission.
Appellees in different phrasing state the questions, somewhat similarly.
We believe the following questions should be discussed :
(1) Did defendant publish a slanderous statement?
(2) Was the statement actionable per se ?
(3) Was its publication protected by a qualified privilege ?
(4) Was reversible error committed by the court in allowing counsel to use the transcript of an employment security referee’s hearing in cross-examining defense witnesses ?
■ . (6) Was the verdict, if validly rendered, excessive ?
1 On the question of the publication of the statement we hold that in calling in fellow employees of plaintiff and “explaining” the circumstances of his separation, defendant corporation was serving its own particular interest. That interest, as described by defendant’s representatives, was to restore morale in the plant protection force and to quiet rumors that were circulating among its members, adversely affecting the company. These men were not supervisors, personnel department representatives, or company officials. They were simply fellow employees in the identical work. No privilege extended to the communication to them and the trial court properly so held. See
Bostetter
v.
Kirsch Co.,
We direct ourselves to the question of the use of "the transcript from an employment security commission hearing on cross-examination as affected by statutory privilege. Had the hearing been the only place the statements had been uttered, a different situation would have been presented. The statute * is ■explicit. Its pertinent excerpt is:
“Any report * * * written or verbal * * * shall be a privileged communication and no person, firm or corporation shall be held liable for slander ■or libel on account of any such report or statement.”
.In this case we are not concerned with an invasion •of the privilege and an attempted action for libel of
We turn now to the asserted error in the refusal of the trial judge to ask a requested question on voir dire. The question was phrased as follows:
“Would the fact that the plaintiff is an individual who is suing the defendant, General Motors Corporation, for damages, cause you to feel sympathy in favor of the plaintiff and prevent your returning a fair and just verdict ?”
The trial court did not ask the questions verbatim; however, he questioned the jury as follows:
“The Court: Do any of you have any bias, prejudice, or preconceived ideas either for or against General Motors Corporation?
“Are all of you willing to treat General Motors the same as you would any other individual or corporation that happened to get sued? * * *
“Do any of you know of any reason why you couldn’t sit fairly and impartially in hearing this dispute?”
After concluding, the court queried counsel thus:
“I think I’ve covered most of your written requests, Mr. McAra [defense counsel]. I’ve abbreviated some and modified some, and I believe I’ve covered the grounds. Do you have any more ?
“Mr. McAra: I don’t believe it, your Honor.”
“Good faith compliance by the court with requests of counsel for interrogatories suffices.”
The last assignment of error is the court’s instruction in relation to the nature of damages awardable and the amount thereof. Two kinds of damages were awardable in actions for slander. The distinction between them rested on statute and that distinction was also delineated in case law. They were “general damages” and “special damages.” Michigan complicated this simple distinction somewhat by a statute requiring that any amount awarded for “damages to feelings”
*
must be specified in the verdict. There was a further requirement resting upon well-established case precedent that damag*es for loss of earnings must be causally related to the slander and proof ’ thereof must be definite and not dependent upon speculation. See
Poledna
v.
Bendix Aviation Corp.,
“The Foreman: $24,800 on the general damages of a professional job; and $4,500 for special feelings and hurt feelings, and we voted ‘No’ on exemplary, nothing.”
We read the verdict to have meant $24,800 in general damages, and $4,500 as specific damage to injured feelings.
We think the rule of damage is succinctly stated in 3 Restatement, Torts, § 621:
“One who is liable for a libel or for a slander actionable per se is liable for harm caused thereby to the reputation of the person defamed or in the absence of proof of such harm, for the harm which normally results from such a defamation. * * * General damages are a form of compensatory damages. They are imposed for the purpose of compensating the plaintiff for the harm which the defamatory publication is proved, or, in the absence of proof, is assumed to have caused to his reputation. It is not necessary for the plaintiff to prove any specific harm to his reputation or any other loss caused thereby. Indeed, in many cases the effect of defamatory statements is so subtle and indirect that it is impossible directly to trace the effects thereof in loss to the person defamed. If the plaintiff is able to show a particular pecuniary loss resulting from the defamatory publication, he may recover for the special harm thus caused under the rule stated in section 622. If, however, he is unable to show such definite loss, but the defamatory publication is of such kind and was published under such circumstances as to justify the inference of some general impairment of his reputationor, through loss of reputation, to his other interests, he is entitled to recover general damages therefor.”
We agree with plaintiff that general damage to his reputation was adequately established — or indeed could, under the foregoing rule, have been assumed from the defamation. Under the proof of plaintiff’s excellent general reputation, we cannot say that the award of $24,800 was excessive. Damage to reputation, while intangible, is not more so than the siim which would “reasonably compensate” a tortiously injured claimant for a life-long limp, or for “pain and suffering.”
Reading the whole record with assiduous care, we conclude that once the jury found the charge of theft, i.e., misappropriation, false, the consequential general damage award was not unreasonable.
The orders denying judgment non obstante veredicto denying a new trial and for remittitur are affirmed. The case is remanded to the circuit court with instructions to enter judgment on a verdict of $29,300. Plaintiff may tax costs.