365 S.E.2d 712 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1988
Jimmy L. SHUPING
v.
James D. BARBER, Michael Coates and City of Salisbury, North Carolina.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*713 Smith, Patterson, Follin, Curtis, James and Harkavy by Norman B. Smith, Greensboro, for plaintiff-appellant.
Womble, Carlyle, Sandridge and Rice by Charles F. Vance, Jr., and Gusti W. Frankel, Winston-Salem, for defendants-appellees.
PARKER, Judge.
On the sole issue raised in this appeal, plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in entering summary judgment for defendants *714 for the reason that the statements allegedly made by the individual defendants were actionable per se and defendants' affirmative defenses of privileged communication and governmental immunity are not a bar to plaintiff's claim.
Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and any party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(c). The evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and questions of credibility are to be resolved by the jury. Ragland v. Moore, 299 N.C. 360, 363, 261 S.E.2d 666, 668 (1980); Wiggins v. City of Monroe, 73 N.C.App. 44, 47, 326 S.E.2d 39, 42 (1985). As movants, defendants have the burden of showing that an essential element of plaintiff's claim is non-existent, of showing that plaintiff cannot produce evidence to support an essential element of his claim, or of showing that plaintiff cannot surmount an affirmative defense which would bar the claim. Bernick v. Jurden, 306 N.C. 435, 440-441, 293 S.E.2d 405, 409 (1982); Dickens v. Puryear, 302 N.C. 437, 453, 276 S.E.2d 325, 335 (1981).
Slander is the speaking of base or defamatory words that tend to prejudice another in his reputation, office, trade, business, or means of livelihood. Talbert v. Mauney, 80 N.C.App. 477, 481, 343 S.E.2d 5, 8 (1986); Beane v. Weiman Co., Inc., 5 N.C.App. 276, 277, 168 S.E.2d 236, 237 (1969). Slander may be actionable per se or per quod; where words are actionable per se, the law prima facie presumes malice and presumes at least nominal damages without specific proof of injury. Badame v. Lampke, 242 N.C. 755, 756, 89 S.E.2d 466, 467 (1955); Johnson v. Bollinger, 86 N.C.App. 1, 9, 356 S.E.2d 378, 383-384 (1987). Accusations of crime or offenses involving moral turpitude are slander per se. Talbert v. Mauney, 80 N.C.App. at 481, 343 S.E.2d at 8. Consequently, statements that plaintiff had his own car stolen for purposes of defrauding his insurance company and that plaintiff is a drug dealer are actionable per se. See Talbert v. Mauney, 809 N.C.App. 477, 343 S.E.2d 5 (statements that plaintiff forged letters of credit and that plaintiff is a drug dealer held slander per se). Malice is therefore presumed.
Plaintiff argues that since the allegation that these slanderous per se statements were made must be accepted as true for purposes of summary judgment, summary judgment for defendants was improper. The fact, however, that the statements, if made, were slanderous per se is not in and of itself sufficient to defeat summary judgment if, as in this case, defendant has asserted privilege. Where the affirmative defense of privilege is alleged, the burden is on the defendant to establish facts sufficient to show that the publication of the alleged defamation was made on a privileged occasion. Stewart v. Check Corp., 279 N.C. 278, 283, 182 S.E.2d 410, 414 (1971); Towne v. Cope, 32 N.C.App. 660, 663, 233 S.E.2d 624, 626 (1977). Our Supreme Court has stated:
The defense of qualified or conditional privilege arises in circumstances where (1) a communication is made in good faith, (2) the subject and scope of the communication is one in which the party uttering it has a valid interest to uphold, or in reference to which he has a legal right or duty, and (3) the communication is made to a person or persons having a corresponding interest, right, or duty.
Presnell v. Pell, 298 N.C. 715, 720, 260 S.E.2d 611, 614 (1979) (emphasis omitted). This duty may be public, personal, or private and of a legal, judicial, political, moral, or social nature. Ponder v. Cobb and Runnion v. Cobb and Rice v. Cobb, 257 N.C. 281, 296, 126 S.E.2d 67, 78 (1962). "`Whether the occasion is privileged is a question of law for the court, subject to review, and not for the jury, unless the circumstances of the publication are in dispute, when it is a mixed question of law and fact.'" Towne v. Cope, 32 N.C.App. at 664, 233 S.E.2d at 627 (quoting Ramsey v. Cheek, 109 N.C. 270, 274, 13 S.E. 775, 775 (1891)).
Defendants contend that a qualified privilege existed because publication, if any, of the defamatory statements was for *715 the protection of the interest of the recipient or a third party. The Restatement (Second) of Torts § 595 (1977), defines this privilege in the following manner:
(1) An occasion makes a publication conditionally privileged if the circumstances induce a correct or reasonable belief that
(a) there is information that affects a sufficiently important interest of the recipient or a third person, and
(b) the recipient is one to whom the publisher is under a legal duty to publish the defamatory matter or is a person to whom its publication is otherwise within the generally accepted standards of decent conduct.
(2) In determining whether a publication is within generally accepted standards of decent conduct it is an important factor that
(a) the publication is made in response to a request rather than volunteered by the publisher or
(b) a family or other relationship exists between the parties.
In this case, defamatory statements were allegedly made by defendant Barber to plaintiff's fiancee, now wife, Norma Vail Shuping, after she and plaintiff had begun dating, but before they had married. According to Ms. Shuping's deposition, defendant Barber and she had dated one another at one time, and Ms. Shuping felt that defendant Barber's statements concerning plaintiff "started out as something personal against [her]." She did not feel he was trying to protect her in telling her things about her fiancee. Ms. Shuping also stated that she had known defendant Coates "since high school," but had never "dated him." Ms. Shuping stated that she talked to defendant Coates to confirm what defendant Barber had said about plaintiff and that defendant Coates also made defamatory remarks about plaintiff. There is a discrepancy between Ms. Shuping's and defendants' testimony as to who initiated these conversations. Finally, Frances M. Vail, Ms. Shuping's mother, stated in her deposition that defendant Barber came to her home and, in the course of conversation, asked Ms. Vail, "[W]hat do you think about this mess that Norma [Ms. Shuping] has gotten herself into?" Ms. Vail stated that defendant Barber went on to make defamatory statements concerning plaintiff.
This evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, raises questions of fact as to whether the occasions on which the allegedly defamatory statements were made gave rise to a conditional privilege. Accordingly, summary judgment premised on conditional or qualified privilege would not be proper.
Plaintiff further contends that defendants' affirmative defense of governmental immunity is not a basis for summary judgment in defendants' favor. Defendant City of Salisbury argues that although defendant City has waived immunity to the extent of its insurance coverage pursuant to G.S. 160A-485, defendant City's liability insurance excludes coverage of damages caused by the malicious conduct of its law enforcement employees.
Under the common law, a municipality may not be held liable for torts committed by its employees in their performance of a governmental function. Galligan v. Town of Chapel Hill, 276 N.C. 172, 175, 171 S.E.2d 427, 429 (1970); Edwards v. Akion, 52 N.C.App. 688, 691, 279 S.E.2d 894, 896, 17 A.L.R. 4th 870, 872, aff'd per curiam, 304 N.C. 585, 284 S.E.2d 518 (1981). However, G.S. 160A-485(a) provides in relevant part:
Any city is authorized to waive its immunity from civil liability in tort by the act of purchasing liability insurance.... Immunity shall be waived only to the extent that the city is indemnified by the insurance contract from tort liability.
At the time of the acts alleged in plaintiff's complaint, defendant City of Salisbury had in effect a contract of liability insurance that provided, under the heading "Coverage A: Law Enforcement Employees Only," coverage for claims against the insured, the defendants in this case, arising out of any wrongful act by a law enforcement employee acting in his regular course of duty. Under the heading "Exclusions *716 Applicable to Coverage A" is the following language:
This Policy Does Not Apply To Any Claim As Follows:
D. ... claims or injury arising out of the willful, intentional or malicious conduct of any Insured.
Through the depositions of several witnesses, plaintiff presented a forecast of evidence tending to show that defendants Barber and Coates made statements to third parties concerning plaintiff's involvement in defrauding his insurance company and in various drug-related transactions. Plaintiff, therefore, has presented a sufficient forecast of evidence showing slander per se thereby giving rise to a presumption of malice on the part of defendants Barber and Coates. If defendants successfully establish facts sufficient to show a qualified privilege, plaintiff would be required to show that the publication was made with actual malice in order to recover. See Stewart v. Check Corp., 279 N.C. at 283, 182 S.E.2d at 414; Towne v. Cope, 32 N.C. App. at 664, 233 S.E.2d at 627. Hence, any claim by plaintiff against defendant City of Salisbury is barred by governmental immunity because the defendant City's liability insurance does not cover claims based on the malicious conduct of defendant City's law enforcement employees such as defendants Barber and Coates. Therefore, summary judgment was proper as to defendant City of Salisbury.
The individual defendants, James D. Barber and Michael Coates, however, in our view do not have the benefit of governmental immunity under the circumstances of this case. Police officers, such as defendants Barber and Coates, are public officials. McIlhenney v. Wilmington, 127 N.C. 146, 150, 37 S.E. 187, 188 (1900). See also 57 Am.Jur.2d Municipal, School, and State Tort Liability § 243 (1971). As public officials, they share defendant City of Salisbury's governmental immunity from liability for "mere negligence" in performing governmental duties, but are not shielded from liability if their alleged actions were corrupt or malicious or if they acted outside of and beyond the scope of their duties. See Smith v. Hefner, 235 N.C. 1, 7, 68 S.E.2d 783, 787 (1952); Wiggins v. City of Monroe, 73 N.C.App. at 49, 326 S.E.2d at 43; Pigott v. City of Wilmington, 50 N.C. App. 401, 402, 273 S.E.2d 752, 753-754, cert. denied, 303 N.C. 181, 280 S.E.2d 453 (1981).
As discussed above, the depositions offered in opposition to defendants' motion for summary judgment forecast evidence of slander per se on the part of defendants Barber and Coates so malice is presumed on the part of the speakers. If defendants successfully establish the affirmative defense of qualified privilege, plaintiff will be required, in order to recover, to show that the publication was made with actual malice. Because malice is presumed or must be shown in any event, plaintiff's claim against defendants Barber and Coates is not barred by the governmental immunity which shields defendant City of Salisbury from liability.
As a final matter, defendants assert that summary judgment was properly granted in favor of defendants because plaintiff's complaint improperly alleged that defendants were jointly liable for slander without any allegation of conspiracy. While we agree that defendants Barber and Coates may not be found jointly liable on the facts before us, the improper pleading does not justify granting summary judgment for defendants.
In general, slander is an individual tort, and two or more persons each uttering slander against the same individual may not be held jointly liable in the absence of a conspiracy between or among them. Manley v. News Co., 241 N.C. 455, 459-460, 85 S.E.2d 672, 675 (1955); Rice v. McAdams, 149 N.C. 29, 30, 62 S.E. 774, 774 (1908). Plaintiff did not plead conspiracy on the part of defendants Barber and Coates, nor did plaintiff present any forecast of evidence regarding such a conspiracy. Although defendants may not be held jointly liable, plaintiff is not precluded from pursuing his claims against both defendants in the same civil action. G.S. 1A-1, Rule 20(a), provides for permissive joinder of defendants where "there is asserted against them jointly, severally, or in the *717 alternative, any right to relief in respect of or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences and if any question of law or fact common to all parties will arise in the action." Under G.S. 1A-1, Rule 20(b), the trial judge may enter orders necessary to avoid abuse or prejudice.
Moreover, even if the parties had been improperly joined, G.S. 1A-1, Rule 21, states:
Neither misjoinder of parties nor misjoinder of parties and claims is ground for dismissal of an action; but on such terms as are just parties may be dropped or added by order of the court on motion of any party or on its own initiative at any stage of the action. Any claim against a party may be severed and proceeded with separately.
Summary judgment, like dismissal of the action, is inappropriate in cases of misjoinder of parties and claims.
For the reasons stated above, we hold that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment in favor of defendant City of Salisbury. The trial court erred, however, in granting summary judgment in favor of defendants Barber and Coates; therefore, we reverse the summary judgment as to the individual defendants and remand the cause to the trial court.
Affirmed in part; reversed in part and remanded.
WELLS and PHILLIPS, JJ., concur.
