Shirley CURD, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY COURT OF JUDSONIA, ARKANSAS; Don Raney, Honorable Judsonia City Judge; Judsonia Police Department, Defendants, Jess Odom, White County Sheriff; City of Judsonia, Arkansas; Defendants-Appellees, State of Arkansas; City of Searcy, Arkansas, Defendants.
No. 97-2858.
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
Submitted Jan. 15, 1998. Decided April 6, 1998.
141 F.3d 839
David C. Schoen, North Little Rock, AR, argued (Jeanette Denham, North Little Rock, AR, Robert A. Russell, Little Rock, AR, on the brief), for Defendants-Appellees.
Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Chief Judge, MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge and SACHS,1 District Judge.
SACHS, District Judge.
Shirley Curd brought this
I.
Armed with an arrest warrant, City police officers Bobby Hale, the Chief of Police, and Darren Kee went to Curd‘s residence to arrest her on misdemeanor charges of battery and disorderly conduct. As they were escorting Curd out of the house, the officers initially told Curd that she would be able to drive her own car to the White County detention center (the City does not have a jail), and that she would be allowed to go next door to her office to get bail money. When Curd began to go next door, however, Chief Hale seized her arm, spun her around and told her to get into the police car. She complied.
At the time of Curd‘s arrest, the officers took her purse. After arriving at the detention center, Curd‘s purse was removed from her sight. When Curd asked for her purse to be placed in view, Chief Hale, some fifteen minutes after Curd‘s arrest, searched it.4 Curd describes the search as taking a couple of minutes and as involving “pull[ing] several things out,” “rummag[ing] around with the stuff in the bottom and then ... put[ting the] stuff back in.”
During the booking process, Curd was fingerprinted three separate times. Curd expresses uncertainty about whether Chief Hale was involved in the fingerprinting. Chief Hale denied any involvement by himself or any member of the City police force, stating that the fingerprinting was done by a member of the Sheriff‘s department. Defendants do not offer an explanation for the repeated fingerprinting; Curd contends that harassment motivated the officers.
Curd‘s son posted bail and, following booking, Curd was released. Twenty days later, on September 5, 1996, Curd filed this action alleging violation of Federal constitutional rights.
II.
We review the district court‘s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standards as the district court. Mayard v. Hopwood, 105 F.3d 1226, 1227 (8th Cir. 1997). Summary judgment is appropriate when, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
Curd first claims that the district court erred in granting summary judgment on her excessive force claim. We disagree. Fourth Amendment excessive force claims are evaluated under a standard of “objective reasonableness.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 1871, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989); Greiner v. City of Champlin, 27 F.3d 1346, 1354 (8th Cir. 1994). Even if seizing Curd‘s arm and turning her body was unnecessary to effect the arrest, we can not conclude that this limited amount of force was objectively unreasonable.5 See, e.g., Joos v. Ratliff, 97 F.3d 1125, 1126 (8th Cir. 1996) (per curiam) (“de minimis” amount of force in effecting an arrest would be insufficient to create constitutional issue). “The right to make an arrest ... necessarily carries with it the right to use some degree of physical coercion” and thus “not every push or shove, even if it may later seem unnecessary in the peace of a judge‘s chambers violates the fourth amendment.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396, 109 S.Ct. at 1872. See also Haberthur v. City of Raymore, 119 F.3d 720, 723 (8th Cir. 1997) (“Section 1983 is intended to remedy egregious conduct, and not every assault or battery ... will create liability under it.“). Our conclusion is bolstered by the fact that Curd does not allege, and there is no evidence, that she was injured or experienced physical pain as a result of Hale‘s actions. See, e.g., Dawkins v. Graham, 50 F.3d 532, 535 (8th Cir. 1995) (arrestee demonstrated actual injury).6 The conduct of Chief Hale in arresting Curd was not so egregious that we can find a constitutional violation.
B. Multiple Fingerprinting Claim
Curd next claims that the district court erred in granting summary judgment on her claim that fingerprinting her three times constituted an unreasonable search and seizure. We again disagree. The custodial fingerprinting of Curd during the booking process was routine; a complaint regarding multiple prints (like a complaint regarding several allegedly unnecessary photographs) following a valid arrest is also simply too minor to rise to the level of a constitutional violation. See, e.g., United States v. Weir, 657 F.2d 1005, 1007 (8th Cir. 1983) (nonconsensual custodial clipping of hair “so minor ... [that] fourth amendment rights were not implicated“); United States v. Williams, 902 F.2d 678, 680-81 (8th Cir. 1990) (suggesting that fingerprinting of suspect arrested upon probable cause does not constitute a search; even an ultraviolet light examination is not a search). Moreover, Curd expresses considerable uncertainty as to whether the City‘s officers conducted the fingerprinting, and Chief Hale expressly denies that any member of the City police department was involved.
We are aware of a remark in Davis v. Mississippi, 394 U.S. 721, 727, 89 S.Ct. 1394, 1397-98, 22 L.Ed.2d 676 (1969), that “the police need only one set of each person‘s prints.” Even if the comment could pose a limitation on law enforcement rights when there is simply a “fingerprint detention,” as discussed in Davis, we are satisfied that the ruling does not mean that an arrestee‘s Fourth Amendment rights are violated by taking several sets of fingerprints.
C. Purse Search
Curd finally claims that the district court erred in granting summary judgment on her claim that defendants unconstitutionally searched her purse after she asked that the purse be placed where she could see it. The district court concluded that the search constituted a valid inventory search. We need not decide whether this conclusion was correct,7 because we conclude that the search was valid incident to Curd‘s arrest. See Cooksey v. Delo, 94 F.3d 1214, 1218 (8th Cir. 1996) (appellate court may affirm on any basis supported by the record), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 624, 139 L.Ed.2d 605 (1997). We also find nothing in the separate claim against Sheriff Odom that merits discussion.
Warrantless searches incident to a custodial arrest are “justified by the reasonableness of searching for weapons, instruments of escape, and evidence of crime when a person is taken into official custody and lawfully detained.” United States v. Edwards, 415 U.S. 800, 802-03, 94 S.Ct. 1234, 1236-37, 39 L.Ed.2d 771 (1974) (citing United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218, 94 S.Ct. 467, 38 L.Ed.2d 427 (1973)).8 The search must be of objects within the arrestee‘s area of “immediate control” and must be “contemporaneous” with the arrest. United States v. Morales, 923 F.2d 621, 627 (8th Cir. 1991). Curd‘s purse qualified as an object within her area of “immediate control.”9
On the other hand, searches of the person and articles “immediately associated with the person of the arrestee,” are measured with a different, more flexible constitutional time clock. Compare Chadwick, 433 U.S. at 15, 97 S.Ct. at 2486, and United States v. Schleis, 582 F.2d 1166, 1170 (8th Cir. 1978) (en banc) (search of briefcase at station house not valid search incident to arrest); with Edwards, 415 U.S. at 803, 94 S.Ct. at 1237 (search of clothing after an overnight stay in jail is a valid search incident to arrest), and United States v. Phillips, 607 F.2d 808, 809-10 (8th Cir. 1979) (search of defendant‘s wallet at station house a “substantial period of time” after his arrest valid search incident to arrest). Searches of the person and those articles “immediately associated” with the person may be made either at the time of arrest or when the accused arrives at the place of detention. Edwards, 415 U.S. at 803, 94 S.Ct. at 1237. Unlike luggage, courts considering the question have generally concluded that a purse, like a wallet, is an object “immediately associated” with the person. See, e.g., United States v. Berry, 560 F.2d 861, 864 (7th Cir. 1977), vacated on other grounds, 571 F.2d 2 (1978); United States v. Venizelos, 495 F.Supp. 1277, 1281-83 (S.D.N.Y. 1980); and State court cases within the Circuit--Sumlin v. State, 266 Ark. 709, 587 S.W.2d 571, 577 (1979) (en banc); State v. Woods, 637 S.W.2d 113, 116 (Mo.Ct.App. 1982); State v. Hershey, 371 N.W.2d 190, 192 (Iowa Ct.App. 1985).10 But see United States v. Monclavo-Cruz, 662 F.2d 1285, 1290 (9th Cir. 1981) (purse like suitcase and briefcase, not clothing; search of purse at station house not valid as incident to arrest). In United States v. Graham, 638 F.2d 1111 (7th Cir. 1981), the Seventh Circuit went a step further, holding that a purse was part of the defendant‘s person and that, accordingly, a search warrant authorizing a search of the person covered the officer‘s search of the purse:
The human anatomy does not naturally contain external pockets, pouches, or other places in which personal objects can be conveniently carried. To remedy this anatomical deficiency clothing contains pockets. In addition, many individuals carry purses or shoulder bags to hold objects they wish to have with them. Containers such as these, while appended to the body, are so closely associated with the person that they are identified with and included within the concept of one‘s person. To hold differently would be to narrow the scope of a search of one‘s person to a point at which it would have little meaning.
Id. at 1114.11
We agree with the general view of this issue. The search of Curd‘s purse at the station house fifteen minutes after her arrest fell well within the constitutionally acceptable time zone for searches of persons and objects “immediately associated” with them incident to arrest. See, e.g., Phillips, 607 F.2d at 809-10; State v. Wade, 573 N.W.2d 228 (Wis.Ct.App. 1997); People v. Mannozzi, 260 Ill.App.3d 199, 198 Ill.Dec. 297, 302-04, 632 N.E.2d 627, 632-34 (1994) (reviewing authorities); Woods, 637 S.W.2d at 116; Sumlin, 587 S.W.2d at 577.
Moreover, before placing the purse in view of, or returning it to, Curd, who was charged with assault, it was objectively reasonable to examine the purse for items that could be dangerous. See, e.g., Wade, 573 N.W.2d at 231 (“Not only was it reasonable for the officer to search the contents of her purse before giving it back to her ..., we think it would be unreasonable for arrestees to expect that they can get back a purse without examination while they are still in custody at a police station.“). Curd‘s privacy rights in the purse, greatly diminished by the arrest and for a reasonable time thereafter, yield to police interest in weapons and evidence. See Edwards, 415 U.S. at 808-09, 94 S.Ct. at 1239-40 (” ‘While the legal arrest of a person should not destroy the privacy of his premises, it does--for at least a reasonable time and to a reasonable extent--take his own privacy out of the realm of protection from police interest in weapons, means of escape, and evidence.’ “) (quoting United States v. DeLeo, 422 F.2d 487, 493 (1st Cir. 1970)).
Although it could be argued that a brief examination of the purse should suffice, rather than the intrusive and leisurely study of contents typical of an inventory search, we hesitate to endorse further complications in the law, requiring difficult case-by-case application. See Chadwick, 433 U.S. at 22 n. 3, 97 S.Ct. at 2489 n. 3 (Blackmun, J., dissenting). Having determined that there was objective reasonableness, we are also precluded from putting law enforcement personnel to a further test of subjective good faith. Even assuming a possible improper motive, including simple harassment, current Fourth Amendment law shields law enforcement personnel from judicial sanction. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 397, 109 S.Ct. at 1872 (“An officer‘s evil intentions will not make a Fourth Amendment violation out of an objectively reasonable” act); Blue v. Koren, 72 F.3d 1075, 1081 (2d Cir. 1995) (“motive is irrelevant, because a Fourth Amendment claim must be based on a showing that the search in question was objectively unreasonable.“).
For the reasons indicated, we affirm.