Shires v. Boggess

72 W. Va. 109 | W. Va. | 1913

Miller, Judge:

We have tbis case before us for th'e second time. Formerly we reversed the judgment and remanded the case for a new trial. 68 W. Va. 137.

The declaration is good in form, and the demurrer was properly overruled.. The first assignment of error is, therefore, without merit.

The next point is that during the trial, the court permitted plaintiff to amend her declaration, by inserting in the two blank ' spaces the figures "$50.00”, covering, first, the amount necessarily laid out and expended in endeavoring to be cured; second, the amount .necessarily laid out and expended for nurs'es while she was sick, sore and lame from defendant’s alleged assault and bruises. We see no abuse of discretion in permitting these amendments, and none is pointed out. Section 8, chapter 131, Code, permits such amendments if substantial justice will be promoted thereby; but if it is made to appear that a continuance is thereby rendered necessary such continuance should be granted. Our case of Travis v. Peabody Ins. Co., 28 W. Va. 583, says that, irrespective of statute, courts should permit amendments of pleadings at any time before verdict, on proper terms and if substantial justice so requires. To same effect are Tabb v. Gregory, 4 Call. 225, and Anderson v. Dudley, 5 Call. 529. It has been distinctly decided that a declaration may be amended in this way by filling blanks when the court has jurisdiction of the case. Burleigh & Co. v. Merrill, 49 N. H. 35. No request was made for a continuance by reason of the amend-merits, which consisted simply of filling the blanks. If a continuance was desired, the least that could have been required of defendant was to move the court to do so.

It is argued that defendant was prejudiced by the amendment because at the time the statute of limitations would have barred action on the items covered by the amendment. But the items were covered by averments, except for the omission to fill the blanks. The authorities say that when an amendment to a declaration is properly allowed, according to the rule stated, so far as the statute of limitations is concerned, it will have the same effect as if it had been originally filed in the amended form at the commencement of the suit. Kuhn v. Brownfield, 34 W. Va. 252; Lamb v. Cecil, 28 W. Va. 652. No plea of the statute of limitations was tendered.

A third point is that plaintiff did not reply specially to defendant’s special pleas. On the last trial there were,general replications to these pleas and issue thereon. The rule is that plaintiff need not reply specially unless he cannot deny all the averments of the plea and wishes to admit the truth of some of them and to avoid the effect of his admissions. Hunt v. Di Bacco, 69 W. Va. 449.

Next, we are required to deal with instructions to the jury, given and refused. Plaintiff’s instructions number 5 and 8 axe first complained of. Number 5 told the jury in substance, that if defendant used more force and inflicted greater injury upon plaintiff than was necessary for the protection of his person from injury, they should find for plaintiff and assess her damages as such sum as they might see fit not exceeding the amount sued for. No. 8 told them that if they believed from the evidence that the blow was struck and the injury inflicted upon plaintiff by defendant, not for the purpose of protecting, his person from injury, but in retaliation for the blow previously struck by her, then the jury might find for plaintiff and assess her damages at whatever sum they might see fit, not exceeding $5,000.00, the sum sued for.

Three grounds of objection are urged. The first is that the instructions are binding, and ignore the several theories of defense interposed by defendant, and are in conflict with instructions given on his behalf and are misleading. One theory covered by special pleas was that plaintiff first assaulted defendant, and that he had the right to repel force with force, and that he had used only such force as from his age, condition, and circumstances reasonably appeared to him at the time to be necessary to prevent bodily harm being done him. Another theory was that plaintiff assaulted him in his own house or castle, and though a licensee to cross his lot to a spring to get water, having, as the testimony tended to show, first assaulted him, she became a trespasser ab initio, and that he had the right to eject her from his premises, using such force as to him at the time and under the circumstances and conditions surrounding him seemed reasonably necessary to accomplish the object.

The second ground applicable to both instructions is, that, ignoring the essential elements of malice, and, if not in express, words, by plain implication, they tell the jury to find not only compensatory damages, but punitive damages, limited only by the amount sued for. Number 5 says: “Damages at such sum. •as they see fit.” No. 8 says: “Assess her damages at whatever sum they see fit not exceeding $5,000.00”; not limiting them to-such damages as the jury might find from the evidence would, raasonably compensate plaintiff for the alleged injuries sustained, as is usual in such instructions.

The trial court by instructions given at his instance covered' in part defendant’s theories of defense. Other theories were-eovered by instructions refused. But if plaintiff’s instructions, under consideration were bad, as we have many times decided,, they are not cured by defendant’s instructions, with which they are in conflict. We think they are certainly bad, being binding,, for ignoring the theories of defense, which the evidence tended to support. Instructions which ignore the theories of defense, or narrow its scope covered by the evidence, constitute reversible error. Cobb v. Dunlevie, 63 W. Va. 399. Instructions must be broad enough to present all material phases of the issues to-which they relate, and must submit conflicting theories. Mylius v. Raine-Andrew Lumber Co., 69 W. Va. 346. Binding instructions to the jury based on controverted facts, which are not conclusive, and which ignore other facts and theories in the case, are bad. Canning Co. v. Grocery Co., 68 W. Va. 698. And as held in Fink v. Thomas, 66 W. Va. 488, an instruction binding a jury to give exemplary damages in. an action for tort is erroneous. The instructions under consideration violate all these rules, unless it be the last. While, as we have indicated, these instructions do not, in express terms, tell the jury that they may or should find exemplary damages, they are certainly too broad in terms and give too wide a scope to the jury in assessing damages. Only compensatory damages are recoverable, unless malice be present, or there be criminal indifference to civil obligations on the part of the defendant. An instruction to the jury calling for such damages', should clearly cover these phases of the issue. Jopling v. Bluefield Water Works & Improvement Co., 70 W. Va. 670; Smith v. Fahey, 63 W. Va. 346. We are of opinion that the instructions are bad, and call for reversal of the judgment.

Another error relied on is, the refusal of the court to give, as proposed, and in modifying and giving as modified, defendant’s instructions number 6 and 8. These instructions were intended to cover the theories of the defendant, which his evidence tended, to support, namely, that he was assaulted by the plaintiff, in his ■own dwelling house or castle, and was not required to retreat, but had the right to stand and defend himself, and to repel his ■assailant, using such force as then appeared to him to be .reasonably necessary to accomplish his purpose, if he then had the right ■to believe and did believe plaintiff intended to do him some bodily harm. The court interpolated the word “great” in these instructions, before the words “bodily harm”, and gave them as modified, refusing to give them as requested, thereby limiting the right of defendant to use force necessary, if he had the right to believe and did believe that he was about to sustain some '“great” bodily harm. Does the law so limit one in defense of himself and his castle? In cases of homicide such is undoubtedly the rule. Stale v. Clark, 64 W. Va. 625, 641, 642; State v. Gravely, 66 W. Va. 378. But is it so in a case like this? The words “great bodily harm” usually imply an injury of a graver ■and more serious character than ordinary battery. 4 Words and Phrases 3162. Must one in his own house stand and take without resistance even the slight assaults of an intruder or trespasser, until he believes and has reason to believe that he is about to sustain some great bodily harm, before resorting to force? We think not. The authorities, we think, justify this conclusion. 2 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, 984; 3 Cyc. 1071-3; Markham v. Brown, (N. H.) 31 Am. Dec. 209; 5 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law & Prac. (last ed.) 749, et seq.; Slat& v. Gum, 68 W. Va. 105. What these authorities enjoin is that one so assaulted must be careful not to use force disproportioned to that used against him, and of course he may not use a deadly weapon unless his own life is imperiled and it becomes necessary to do so to save his own life or ward off some great bodily harm. Defendant’s evidence tends to show that plaintiff first assaulted him with a heavy iron bucket, inflicting a painful wound over his eye, and that he then and before that requested her to leave his premises, that the injury inflicted on her was slight, and not out of proportion to the injury inflicted on him, of all which the jury of course were the judges; but defendant was entitled to have his theories of defense if there was any appreciable evidence tending to support them presented to the jury. We think he was entitled to the instruction as proposed without the modification by the court.

The next point made is that the court erroneously rejected defendant’s instructions numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 10. Ali these instructions, except the last, with some variation of words, proposed to tell the jury, treating plaintiff as a trespasser and the first to make an assault, that defendant had the right to defend himself and to eject plaintiff, using such force as appeared to him at the time necessary to accomplish his purpose, and if so, plaintiff could recover no damages. The vice of all these instructions is that they do not properly limit defendant’s rights of defense. They should have limited him to such reasonable force proportioned to the injury attempted or inflicted upon him, as was necessary. If more force is used than is reasonably necessary, and out of proportion to the force or injury inflicted, the one assaulted is not protected. State v. Gum, supra; Teel v. Coal & Coke Railway Co., 66 W. Va. 315, and authorities above cited. In the form presented we think these instructions were properly refused-.

Instruction number 10, that plaintiff must prove her case by a preponderance of the evidence, without which the jury should find for the defendant, was a proper instruction of course, but this subject was substantially covered by defendant’s instruction number 9, given. There was no error in rejecting number 10.

.There was no error in the ruling of the court rejecting the record of the indictment, Hie verdict of the jury, and the judgment of the court acquitting defendant of the assault upon the plaintiff involved in this case. Stevens v. Friedman, 58 W. Va. 78, 84, and cases cited.

As the judgment below must be reversed for the errors already noted, it is unnecessary, indeed, improper, to consider the assignments of error relating to the weight and sufficiency of the evidence.

Lastly, it is complained that the judgment below is void for uncertainty. The judgment was for the sum found by the jury with interest, subject to a credit of $122.20, costs recovered by defendant in this Court upon a former hearing, “less the amount advanced by plaintiff in this cause.” The judgment was erroneous in this respect. See Thompson v. Mann, 65 W. Va. 648.

Because of the errors found in the judgment below, and noted herein, it will be reversed, with costs to the plaintiff in error incurred in this Court.

Reversed.