Shipp v. Commonwealth

124 Ky. 643 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1907

Opinion op the Court by

Judge Nunn

Reversing.

On January 3, 1906, appellant was indicted by the grand jury of Taylor county for the murder of Joe A. Smith. On the same day appellant filed his petition for a change of venue, accompanied by the affidavits required by the statutes. After hearing proof the court, on the ninth day of the January term, 1906, overruled the motion for a change of venue, and the defendant (appellant) was given until the April term to file his bill of exceptions. At that term of the court he filed his bill of exceptions, and renewed his motion for a change of venue, which was overruled. The case then proceeded to trial, resulting in the conviction of •appellant to the State penitentiary for the term of his natural life. The facts of the commonwealth, as shown by the testimony for the commonwealth, were about these: On the morning of December 1, 1905, appellant left the home of his sister in Phillipsburg, and boarded a train for Campbellsville. Arriving there, and while walking down the street, he discovered Smith, the deceased, standing some distance down the street on the opposite fide. Appellant then entered a store near by, where he rented a gun for one hour’s time (without informing the clerk, however, for what purpose he wanted it), loaded it, placed it under his arm, with muzzle pointing downward, walked down and across the street to where deceased was standing, and shot him in the left breast, killing him almost instantly. The proof for the commonwealth indicates that neither spoke a word. Appellant, however, testified, that upon approaching the deceased, he asked him, “"Why did you ruin my home?” and then shot him. After the shooting appellant at once sought out the county judge at his place of business, surrendered, and was placed in jail, where he has remained since. Appellant’s plea was not guilty, his real defense being insanity. He had been in a bad state of health for two or more years previous to the homicide. His afflictions, a disordered stomach, severe pains in the back of the head and neck, hay fever in. the fall season of each year, annoyed him very much. About two months before the killing’ he began to suspect an undue intimacy between the deceased, Smith, and his (appellant’s) wife. From that time on his physical and mental troubles and derangements seemed to become more aggravated and pronounced. He abandoned his business, traveled aimlessly about, roving from place to place, apparently unbalanced in mind. He claimed to have converse with God, walked upon the highways gesticulating, wildly and talking aloud to himself, often sitting for a long time in public places, with his face buried in his hands, weeping bitterly, and, when asked the cause of his trouble, would reply that his home had been ruined. On Saturday preceding Monday, the day of the killing, he claims his wife confessed to him her infidelity and improper conduct with Smith. He immediately left his home at C'ampbellsville and went to Phillipsburg to his sister’s, as stated, returning about noon of Monday, the day of the killing. This was the first time he had seen Smith after the confession of his wife to him. -Prom this judgment of conviction he has appealed, and the case was submitted for decision on the 25th of January, 1907.

Appellant assigns the following errors: First, the refusal of the circuit court to change the venue on appellant’s motion. Second, the admission of incompetent evidence against appellant, and rejecting competent evidence offered by him. Third, that the court erroneously instructed, and refused to properly instruct, the jury. Fourth, the court’s refusal to discharge the jury on account of the misconduct of counsel for the commonwealth during the trial.

We will take up the errors complained of in the order named.

The petition for a change of venue alleged in substance the following facts: That Smith, deceased, was extensively related in Taylor county; that his relatives were influential and prominent citizens, so numerous that there was not a precinct in the county where some relative of Smith did not reside; that they were extremely hostile to appellant, and, since the homicide, had been active in framing public sentiment against him; that they had so diffused highly colored reports purporting to be the facts of the homicide that the citizens liable to jury service, the better element of jurors of Taylor county, had formed opinions as to the guilt of appellant; that, on account of the undue influence of Smith’s relatives, the harsh and bitter feeling engendered against him by a concerted prosecution, he could not get a fair and impartial trial in Taylor county. Three citizens of the county, who stated that they were acquainted with the public opinion prevailing in the county, ánd that they verily believed the statements of the petition were true, in their respective affidavits, filed as required by statute, expressed it as their opinion that appellant could not get a fair trial in Taylor county. On the hearing of the motion for a change of venue a dozen or more witnesses were introduced on each side. Most of the commonwealth witnesses who testified on the hearing of this motion resided in or near Uampbellsville, and few of them, if any, claimed to know the public sentiment in the county with reference to the prosecution, but each of them gave it as his opinion that appellant could obtain a fair trial; several of them stated that they knew the people of the county, and that they believed they would give any man a fair trial upon any charge. All the witnesses, however, agreed that the relatives of the deceased were prominent and influential, very numerous, some one or more of them residing in every precinct in the county. Many of the appellant’s witnesses were persons whose business required them to travel over the county a great deal, who stated that they were acquainted with the public sentiment in the county existing against appellant with reference to the killing;that it was strong against him; that lawyers of the town had been advised not to engage in his defense; that to do so would greatly injure their business; that they heard several people express themselves that Shipp ought to be hung; that the Shipps had killed enough people. One witness stated that “the Shipps for 14 generations had died with their boots on, and that that fact was pretty generally known.” Another stated: “I have heard considerable discussion about this killing, and among those who claim to have heard the facts, or know the facts, the sentiment is pretty general that Shipp ought to be punished. I have heard some people speak bitterly of him.” Some of them also testified that appellant’s wife was very extensively related throughout Taylor county, and that her people were very bitter-against him. They all agreed that it was their opinion that appellant could not have a fair and impartial trial in the county, and some of the witnesses stated that they heard people say that ‘ ‘ Shipp ought to hang, crazy or not crazy. ’ ’

Construing the statute providing for a change of venue, this court has announced the rule to be that, when the petition and affidavits comply with the statute, a prima facie case is thus made, and, in the absence of other evidence, it is the duty of the court to change the venue. See Higgins v. Commonwealth, 94 Ky., 54, 14 Ky. Law Rep., 729, 21 S. W., 231, and Wilkerson v. Commonwealth, 88 Ky., 29, 9 S. W., 836, 10 Ky. Law Rep., 656. The petition and affidavits filed in this case made out a prima facie- case, and we are of the opinion that the evidence of the commonwealth did not overthrow it, but that the oral testimony on the whole strengthened it. In Bowman v. Commonwealth, 96 Ky., 8, 16 Ky. Law Rep., 186, 27 S. W., 870, the venue was directed to be changed by this court. It was there said: “The witnesses for the State, who think that appellant could obtain a fair trial, all save one or two, concur in the statement that all those who had spoken on the subject regarded the shooting as a bad murder. * * * The witnesses for the defense, many, and perhaps all, of them, having but little interest in the defendant, he having lived in the.county but a short time, stated that he could not have a fair trial by reason of the prejudice against his case, and the influence of those connected with the deceased.” As in this case all the witnesses for the State concur in the statement-that the belief was general that the homicide was a bad murder, and that appellant ought to be hung, or severely punished. From the statements of many witnesses it appears that many people in the county regarded the Shipp name as odious. It was common talk that the Shipps had killed enough people; that they had died with their boots on for many generations ; that it only lacked a leader to form a mob that would have hanged appellant, crazy or not crazy. In view of this evidence, we are of opinion that the circuit court erred in not granting the venue asked for. The language of the statute is plain. It says that an application for a change of venue is to be granted “if it appears that the defendant cannot have a fair trial in the county where the proceeding is pending.” In this case appellant has filed a petition for a change of venue, accompanied by the affidavits required by the statute. As. we have seen, he had a prima, facie case made out, and, when the commonwealth resisted the motion, and introduced oral testimony, then it was the duty of the court to weigh all the evidence and decide the - case according to the right. The matter is in the discretion of the court, and ordinarily this court will not reverse the action of the lower court in such proceedings. But this court has the right of review, and when it appears to us that the discretion of the court has been abused, it is clearly our duty to reverse. Howard v. Commonwealth, 15 Ky. Law Rep. 873, 26 S. W. 1. In reversing this case we are not in conflict with the opinions delivered by this court in the cases of Sacra, Guy Lyons, and Fletcher v. Commonwealth, 96 S. W. 858, 29 Ky. Law Rep. 1010. In those cases the person assaulted, Mary Gladder, had no relatives whatever in the county of Logan; she nor her father had ever been in that county until the day of the commission of the crime. The distinction between the cases just cited and the one at bar is apparent.

But counsel for the commonwealth contend that, even if the circuit court did err in overruling appellant’s motion for a change of venue, the error was corrected by the order of the circuit court summoning a jury from Adair county to try appellant. This was done after an attempt had been made to get a jury from Taylor county. Failing to obtain even one juror, the court then ordered a jury from Adair county. In our opinion, under the peculiar and unusual circumstances of this case, that did not correct the error committed in refusing appellant the change of venue asked. It appears from the record before us that the summoning of the Adair county jury was irregular in itself. "Without the knowledge of the trial court, or of the appellant, an important witness for the commonwealth summoned the jury from Adair. This witness was introduced on the trial for the purpose of supplying a motive on the part of the appellant for the killing', other than that already stated. Aside from the fact that the person summoning the jury was himself a witness against the accused, the jury could not help but notice the very bitter, antagonistic feeling that exhibited itself on various occasions in the very presence of the jury. The court room was filled by the friends and relatives of the deceased, and their conduct was such as to indicate to the minds of the jury the feeling in Taylor county against the accused. The jury was lodged in the house of Mrs. Coffey, who, together with her daughter, were witnesses for the commonwealth, and against the accused, while the wife of the officer in charge of the jury was a near relative, a cousin, of both Joe A. Smith and his wife. While the record does not show, and we do not impute to either the officers or the ladies just mentioned, any intentional wrongful act, yet it must become at once apparent that, under all the circumstances, the trial jury was afforded unusual opportunities for learning of the extensive, bitter public sentiment against the accused, Shipp, all of which must have more or less influenced the trial jury to the prejudice of the defendant.

Appellant’s counsel contend that the court erred in refusing to allow him to testify (and to allow bim to prove the same by his son) that his wife confessed to him in the presence of the son on Saturday before the killing, her criminal intimacy with Joe A. Smith, the deceased. This identical question was before this court in the case of Shepherd v. Comth., 119 Ky. 931, 85 S. W.191,27 Ky.Law Rep.376,where the court said: ‘ ‘ The sole question here is whether the husband might show that he got his information from his wife. That he did so get it, for the purpose of this discussion, will be assumed. . Having it, it is for the jury to say to what extent, if at all, it palliated his act. But, as shown in this record, that fact could not be brought to the knowledge of the jury except defendant proved, or some one else proved, that defendant had got such information. That he got it from his wife could take nothing from the sting of it. Its effect upon his mind and conduct must have been at least the same, if not, indeed, worse, than if it had been communicated by some third person. If one is informed by his wife that she had been raped, or that a rape had been attempted upon her person, or that she had been grossly insulted and assaulted, pointing out the perpetrator of the act at the time, it would not be unnatural for the husband to act upon that information. To allow it to be proved that he acted drastically, without being permitted to show why, or upon what basis his belief rested, would be applying the rule for the protection of domestic felicity so as to make it hurt, instead of help, those for whose benefit it was primarily intended. We perceive no good reason for extending the rule invoked so as to exclude the evidence discussed. The court is of the opinion that the evidence should have been admitted to be weighed by the jury as other facts and circumstances in the case. ” Under this authority, it was error for the. court to exclude the testimony offered, for it tended to show the motive and the state of mind of the accused at the time of the killing.

Appellant offered to prove by his son, Leslie, that he heard his mother confess her intimacy with the deceased. The court excluded this, and we think rightfully so, because it was not shown that this confession by Mrs. Shipp to Leslie was communicated to appellant prior to the killing of Smith, and for that reason it could have had no effect or influence upon the mind of appellant at the time of the homicide.

Notwithstanding the court’s refusal to permit appellant to prove the confession of his wife to him in the presence of his son, the commonwealth was allowed to prove in .rebuttal, by some 20 or 30 witnesses, the best citizens of the town and surrounding community, that Mrs. Shipp was a lady whose reputation for virtue and .chastity was good, and above reproach. Of this appellant also complains. Counsel for appellee contend that this testimony was properly admitted by the court to go before the jury for the purpose of showing that Mfrs. Shipp was not guilty of the conduct ascribed to her, and, unless permitted to prove this, the commonwealth had no means of showing the charge made by the husband against his wife was false. This is the first time that this exact question has ever been before this court for decision, at least, we are unable to find any case in any State where this precise question has been passed upon, and no case has been cited in the briefs. We conclude, however, upon reason and authority analogous to the point in question, that the testimony of the wife’s good character was incompetent, and the court should not have allowed it to go to the jury. The wife was neither a party to the action, nor a witness in the case; her reputation for chastity was not in issue.

In the case of Cowan v. Cowan 16 Colo. 335, 26 Pac. 934, a similar question was involved. In that case the court said: “The defendant was charged with having committed adultery with one -, and counsel for appellant complains the court refused' to allow them to inquire into the general reputation of said person for chastity. The argument is that, when the reputation for chastity of one is in evidence, it. is competent to show such person’s good reputation. This rule has no application under the circumstances of this case. The general reputation of the party with whom the adultery is alleged to have been committed was not in issue. She was neither a party to nor a witness, in the case. The testimony was properly refused. ’ ’ A similar question was involved in the case of People v. Hurtado, 63 Cal. 288. There the wife of the defendant, under the law of that State, was allowed to. testify that before the homicide she had confessed to her husband' (the accused) that she had committed adultery with, the deceased. To corroborate this confession the accused offered to prove that the wife and deceased had together visited a disreputable house in the city. This evidence was rejected. In discussing the question thus raised, the supreme court said: “No direct evidence was offered by the people to contradict her statement that she had made the confession to her husband. -We know of no principle which would permit the defendant to strengthen or bolster up1 the statement of the witness that she had declared tó defendant that she had committed adultery, by proving that, in fact, she had committed adultery. Evidence that she had committed adultery would not tend to prove that she confessed to her husband she had committed adultery. It was her statement which would be claimed to be the cause, or one of the causes, which deprived defendant of his reason — not the truth of her statement with respect to which he had no personal knowledge. * * # To admit evidence in itself totally irrele^vant, because it might, in some degree, render more probable testimony which is relevant, would be to open up the way to the trial of side issues, not made by the pleadings: If it were competent for the defense to give evidence tending to prove that defendant’s wife had committed adultery, it would be competent for the prosecution in rebuttal to introduce witnesses who would swear that the house referred to was a house of. good repute, or that defendant’s wife never entered it. Moreover, it would have been incompetent for the prosecution, in the absence of evidence on the part of the defendant tending to prove her adultery, to cast discredit upon her testimony that she had confessed her guilt to her husband, by proving that she was entirely innocent. We are convinced the objection was properly sustained.” The reasoning of the court in that case applies here. The competency of the confession is based on the fact that it was the cause, or one of the causes, which induced the accused to act as he did. Its truth or falsity had nothing to do with his conduct. In that case the court said that, if it was competent to corroborate the confession, it would likewise be competent to contradict it. Thus a side issue would be presented for trial which might swallow up the principal one which the jury had been called to decide. In Johnson v. Commonwealth, 82 Ky. 116, 5 Ky. Law Rep. 877, the accused was informed that the deceased had whipped his brother. Pie immediately sought the deceased, and took his life. Evidence as to tlie facts of the whipping, offered by the accused, was held incompetent. If the reputation of the wife in this case was competent, substantive evidence of her innocence would also be admissible, and, if so, appellant would have the right, to corroborate by any fact or circumstance to corroborate the confession by showing her actual guilt'. This would result in introducing side issues calculated to' distract the minds of the jury from the real issues they were trying, and lead to confusion and uncertainty; in other words, rest the guilt or innocence of the accused upon the chastity or unchastity of his wife. So here, the fact that the wife, before and since the homicide (for the court allowed proof as to both periods), bore a good reputation does not disprove the fact that she made the confession to the appellant. And it was upon the confession of guilt, and not upon guilt in fact, that the appellant acted. In the case of Riggs v. Commonwealth, 103 Ky. 610, 45 S. W. 866, 20 Ky. Law Rep. 276, the accused on trial for murder was allowed to prove that the deceased had circulated a report that he was guilty of incest. The commonwealth was allowed to give evidence of the truth of the charge. This was held reversible error by this court. So in Martin v. Commonwealth, 93 Ky. 192, 19 S. W. 580, 14 Ky. Law Rep. 95, the-' commonwealth- was allowed to prove that Burts, the deceased, had procured an indictment against Martin for robbery, but it was held to be incompetent to show that the robbery had been, in fact, committed by Martin. In the case of Massie v. Commonwealth. 29 S. W. 871, 16 Ky. Law Rep. 792, it was held competent. for the accused to prove the communication to him of slanderous aspersions, with reference to members of the family of accused, made by the deceased whom Massie thereafter sought and killed. But it was said to be wholly immaterial whether the charges were true or false, and, because the commonwealth was permitted to introduce proof conducing to show the truth of the charges, the judgment of conviction Avas reversed.

The commonwealth can break the force of this alleged confession: First, by showing that the wife did not make same, by showing that she was not at the place where the alleged confession was stated to have been made, or that the appellant and son were not there at the alleged time. Second, by impeaching the reputation of appellant and the son for truth and veracity. The attempt to show her general reputation for chastity was such that she would not likely have made such a confession involves a proposition that is new in the law of evidence. In Redus v. Burnett, 59 Tex. 582, a similar question arose. One Bedus was sued in Texas on a judgment alleged to have been obtained in Mississippi on his accounts as executor. Bedus defended in Texas, on the ground that he made no such settlement in Mississippi, or authorized any such settlement. The plaintiff showed that one Hooper, an attorney at law, represented Redns in making the settlement in Mississippi in which the judgment was rendered, and that Hooper was a man of high character, honest, etc. The court said: £ £ The deceased was not a witness in the case, nor a party to the suit. His reputation was not in issue. The fact that he was a person of good or bad character was not relevant to any inquiry in the case., and a proper objection being raised to the question and answer, as irrelevant, the evidence should have been excluded.” The evidence of the reputation of Mrs. Shipp was prejudicial to appellant, and Was used with great force by employed counsel for the commonwealth in his argument to the jury, in which he said: “This great concourse of ladies and gentlemen have assembled here, not as a compliment to the speaker, but to attest, by their presence, the high regard in which Mrs. Shipp is held, and her good character. ’ ’ Although the court admonished the jury not to regard this statement of counsel, yet, coupled with the evidence of Mrs. Shipp’s good character, it had the effect to impress upon the minds of the jury that, if they acquitted the accused upon the ground of irresponsibility, it was in effect an imputation of bad character to Mrs. Shipp., and that- they had to convict the accused to sustain her good name.

Appellant’s objections to the instructions of the court are, in the main, based upon an alleged error in No. 6, on the question of insanity. It appears that in No. 6, as copied in the original record, the clerk, by mistake, inserted the word “not,” which materially changed the sense thereof, but has since been corrected by another and true copy of the instruction. The other instructions fairly presented the law of the case, with the exception of No. 2, on the subject of voluntary manslaughter, which reads as follows: “If you believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, James A. Shipp, did shoot and kill the deceased, Joe A. Smith, and further believe that said shooting and killing was done in sudden heat and passion, and without previous malice, you should find him guilty of manslaughter, and fix his punishment in the State penitentiary for a period of not less than 2 nor more than 21 years. ’ ’ To convict appellant under this instruction the jury had to believe that he shot and killed the deceased, and that the shooting and killing was done in sudden heat and passion, and without previous malice. The jury was not authorized to convict him, under this instruction, by the evidence introduced. It is true that the testimony tended to show that he was laboring under passion, but that passion was aroused several days before the killing, and the jury could not find that the killing was without previous malice. The instruction did not require the jury to find that the killing was willful and unlawful; it only required the jury to believe, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the killing was done while appellant was laboring under passion which was aroused previous to the time of the killing.’ This court has recently decided that it is not necessary, in such an instruction, to insert that the killing must be feloniously done. The court, in lieu of No. 2, should have given an instruction, in substance, that, if the jury believed from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant, James A. Shipp, did willfully, and not in self-defense, shoot and kill Joe A. Smith, and that the shooting was done in sudden affray, or sudden heat and passion, and without previous malice, and under such provocation that was ordinarily calculated to excite passion beyond control, they should find him guilty of manslaughter, and fix Ms punishment, etc. See case of Shepherd v. Commonwealth, supra.

The fourth and last assignment of error, presented by appellant’s counsel, is that of the misconduct of employed counsel for the commonwealth during the trial. While it is true that the court sustained appellant’s objections, in every instance, during the trial, to improper questions, they were repeated so often they must necessarily have left an impression upon the minds of the jury hurtful to appellant. This conduct of counsel was reprehensible, and the court should not have permitted it. ' It would be tedious, and is unnecessary, to cite and comment upon all this prejudicial matter, but we will give a few instances which will illustrate his offenses. When the appellant was being cross-examined, by this counsel, these questions were asked him, to-wit: “Q. You say you didn’t want to have trouble with anybody? A. Yes, sir. Q. You have killed one man before this, have you not?” This .court has often said that it was error to undertake to impeach a defendant or witness in this manner. This was very hurtful to the appellant. These questions were asked Sanders, a witness for the defendant, by same counsel “Q. Did you ever have occasion to arrest him (referring" to appellant), or to take him home, or to get him to leave town? A. No, sir, I never did. Q. Were you here at the time he got into trouble with Coakley?” These questions were very improper, for the reason stated: He asked Patterson, a witness for the defense: “Are you the same man that testified on the motion for a change of venue that 14 generations of the Shipp family had died with their boots on?” This was an effort to show by indirection that public sentiment was strongly against appellant in the county, and that not only Shipp', but his ancestors, were lawless and desperate men.

Under the Constitution and laws of this State, appellant was entitled to a fair and impartial trial of the charge against him, and, from the record before us, we think this was not accorded him.

For these reasons, the judgment of the lower court is reversed, and cause remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Whole court sitting.