This is a products liability action involving consolidated appeals as of right. After a jury returned a verdict awarding plaintiffs $500,000 *709 in damages, the trial court granted judgment notwithstanding the verdict in favor of defendant and third-party plaintiff Fontaine Truck Equipment Company. Plaintiffs appeal as of right from this order. In a separate appeal, Fontaine appeals as of right from an order granting judgment notwithstanding the verdict in favor of third-party defendant Uckele Animal Health Distributing, Inc. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
i
Plaintiff Roger Shipman was injured in June, 1984, while working on a feed trailer owned by his employer, third-party defendant Uckele Animal Health Distributing, Inc. The trailer was designed and manufactured by defendant Fontaine for purposes of hauling bulk and bag feed. It was equipped with several augers for moving the bulk feed, through a chute, from the trailer into a farmer’s feed bin. The augers are located beneath the trailer’s floor, which contains several steel grates with openings that allow the feed to flow to the augers. The plaintiff’s injury occurred when he stepped through a hole that had been cut into one of the protective gratings over one of the augers. The hole had been cut more than one year earlier by defendant Gary Blatchford, who was called to repair an auger which had ceased functioning. After deciding that a bearing needed to be replaced, Blatchford searched for an access door to the auger. After looking in the manual supplied by Fontaine, he found no indication of an access door and concluded that it was necessary to cut the grating to gain access to the auger. The employees of Uckele who were present concurred in the decision to cut the hole. After the auger was fixed, the hole in the grating was not repaired.
*710 After plaintiff was injured, it was discovered that the manufacturer had built an access door into the trailer, however, this door was hidden by a metal shield which was bolted onto the trailer. Although Blatchford would have discovered the access door had he removed the shield, there was no sign on the shield indicating that removal was necessary.
On March 29, 1985, plaintiffs commenced the instant action alleging negligence and breach of both implied and express warranties against Fontaine. Plaintiffs based their claims on a theory of defective design as well as a failure to warn or instruct with respect to the safe use, maintenance and operation of the trailer. The complaint also included a negligence claim against Blatchford. Additionally, a loss of consortium claim was filed on behalf of plaintiff Annette Shipman. Uckele was later joined as a third-party defendant under the theory that it was aware of the danger posed by the missing grate and knew with substantial certainty that injury would occur, thereby subjecting it to intentional tort liability pursuant to
Beauchamp v Dow Chemical Co,
Following a jury trial, plaintiffs were awarded $500,000 in damages. The jury affixed the percentage of fault as follows: (1) Fontaine—ten percent; (2) Blatchford—thirty percent; and (3) Uckele— sixty percent. Following trial, however, the trial court granted judgment notwithstanding the verdict in favor of both Fontaine and third-party defendant Uckele. Other posttrial motions brought by Fontaine were denied. Posttrial motions brought by defendant Blatchford were also denied and Blatchford has not appealed those rulings.
ii
Plaintiffs argue the trial court erred when it
*711
granted Fontaine’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. In reviewing a trial court’s decision on a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, this Court must view the facts and all legitimate inferences in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party.
Troyanowski v Village of Kent City,
It is clear that a manufacturer has a duty to design its products so as to eliminate any unreasonable risk of foreseeable injury.
Prentis v Yale Mfg Co,
Evidence was presented at trial indicating that it was foreseeable that a mechanic would remove the floor grate under the circumstances that existed in the case and that it was also foreseeable that the floor grate might not be replaced, thereby rendering the trailer unreasonably dangerous. There was also evidence presented that Uckele’s use of the trailer without a full grate in place violated osha/ miosha safety regulations.
In this case, the trial court’s order granting judgment notwithstanding the verdict in favor of Fontaine was not based upon a lack of evidentiary support for plaintiffs’ claims. In fact, the trial court specifically denied Fontaine’s request for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict based upon a great weight of the evidence theory. Rather, the trial court, relying on
Fredericks v General Motors Corp,
In Fredericks, the plaintiff was injured in a press accident and sued the supplier of an unguarded die. The unguarded die was harmless by itself until integrated into a larger multipurpose press system of the user. The Court noted that, once integrated, there were numerous methods of safeguarding the system such that an unguarded die would not be dangerous if appropriate guarding on the press machine was provided. Noting that the employer has a statutory duty to provide a safe work place, the Court held:
In light of this statutory duty ... we cannot hold as a matter of law that it was foreseeable to defendant that the product it supplied would be used in an unsafe manner rendering it defective. [411 Mich 720 -721.]
In
Villar v E W Bliss Co,
[Ajbsent evidence that defendant knew or had specific reason to know that the original purchaser would use the press unsafely, it had no duty to provide safety devices not ordered by that purchaser.
Contrary to the trial court’s interpretation, we do not interpret these decisions as standing for the proposition that an employer’s violation of its duty to provide a safe work place is unforeseeable as a matter of law, so as to always absolve the manufacturer of liability for injuries caused by its un
*713
safe product. Instead, our reading of the decisions suggests that where there is evidence presented of the manufacturer’s knowledge of unsafe use, or that unsafe use is foreseeable, liability is not precluded. This interpretation is supported by this Court’s recent decision in
Wessels v E W Bliss Co, Inc,
Our reading of Villar suggests that three criteria must be satisfied before its holding may be successfully invoked: (1) the press must be inoperable until it is integrated by the user (employer of the injured plaintiff) into its manufacturing processes, (2) the user, as the plaintiff’s employer, owes the plaintiff a duty to provide a safe workplace pursuant to MCL 408.1011; MSA 17.50(11), and (3) the specific unsafe application of the press causing the accident was not foreseeable from the manufacturer’s standpoint.
In this case, Fontaine’s product was a fully integrated product rather than a component part required to be integrated into a larger system of the user. Thus, the first criterion has not been satisfied. Additionally, as the trial court noted, there was evidence that the design of the trailer was such that both the removal of the floor grating and use of the trailer with the floor grating out of place were foreseeable from the manufacturer’s standpoint. Therefore, under these circumstances, the existence of an employer’s safety violation would not be considered unforeseeable as a matter of law so as to relieve a manufacturer of liability for an injury caused by its otherwise defective product. Accordingly, we find that the trial court erred when it concluded that Uckele’s unsafe use of the trailer was unforeseeable as a matter of law.
Fontaine argues that judgment notwithstanding
*714
the verdict was nevertheless proper because the defect was created by an alteration to its product which amounts to an intervening or superseding cause.
Trotter v Hamill Mfg Co,
Accordingly, for the reasons discussed above, we find that the trial court erred in granting judgment notwithstanding the verdict in favor of defendant Fontaine. The order is therefore reversed.
hi
Fontaine argues that in the event this Court determines it was not entitled to a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, a new trial should be granted because plaintiffs failed to supplement discovery responses and also because of improper jury instructions during trial. These issues were separately raised, addressed and rejected at the trial court level. They have not been cross-appealed. Accordingly, they are not properly before this Court and will not be addressed.
Michigan Ass’n of Administrative Law Judges v Personnel Director of the State of Michigan,
*715 IV
Finally, we address Fontaine’s appeal from the trial court’s order granting Uckele’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Plaintiffs have not appealed this ruling.
Through
In its brief on appeal, Fontaine states, "In this appeal, Fontaine does not contend that Uckele’s action or inaction, with respect to the Shipman accident, constitutes an intentional tort [presumably under
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.