Shinn v. United Railways Co.
154 S.W. 103
Mo.
1913
Check Treatment
LAMM, J.

Charging that while he was boarding defendant’s stationary street par to become a passenger, at a usual place for receiving passengers, the car *175was negligently started with a jerk before he could reach a place of safety, that by said negligent jerk and start he was violently thrown to the streеt, sustaining severe injuries in his arms, that his hat and clothes (worth $40) were ruined, that from said injuries he suffered pain of body and mind, was disabled from his vocation for two months, losing $156 in wages, incurred medical expenses of $30 and was damaged $500 in the aggregate, plaintiff sued in a justice court in St. Louis for said damages.

From a verdict and judgment in plаintiff’s favor, defendant appealed to the circuit court. From another there, defendant appealed to the St. Louis Court of 'Appeals. In that court plaintiff’s judgment was reversed and his cause remanded — one of the .judges dissenting. [Shinn v. Railroad, 146 Mo. App. 718.] On that dissent the case was certified here.

The question put to us by appellant is single, to-wit: "Was the giving of plaintiff’s instruction (presently set forth) on the measure of damages reversible error1

But before reaching and deciding that question the record is to be reckoned with — a survey of which is like’ an account of stock, debts and credits to a merchant, a calculation of latitude and longitude to a mariner. This is so becausе:

The facts of a case may be material in determining whether a given instruction is so bad as to constitute reversible error on appeal. In this view of it, fetching a small compass on the facts is not amiss, thus’:

Plaintiff put in testimony tending to show that he was in the act of boarding a car at a usual stopping place to become a passenger, that by one hand he got hold of a hand-rail at the entrance of a stationary car, and put one foot in place on the step, that while resting on that foot as a bearing, he was about putting his other ( in place, that while in such ticklish fix (we say ticklish, *176having in mind the law of physics that to maintain one’s equilibrium, the line of direction from his center of gravity should usually fall within his base) the car started with a jerk, over-balanced blm .and, throwing him to the street, badly injured him, smashing his. derby and tearing and ripping up-his coat and breeches. Contra, defendant’s testimony tended to show that plaintiff (who seems to have been a fat man, wеighing over sixteen English stone) negligently ran to, caught hold of and tried to enter, a going car, already overcrowded, and, in trying to accomplish that negligent feat, was cast to the street by the car’s ordinary motion. The record shows that such was the bone of contention ‍​‌‌​‌​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‍at the trial in the circuit court on the issue of liability or nonliability. The issue of fact thus raised was found against defendant on substantial evidence and on proper instructions. Defendant does not seek to disturb the verdict on appeal on the theory it is not supported by the testimony. We must assume, then, that the liability of defendant for damages in some amount is not an open question.

Damages: Quantum. Attend to another phase of the case, viz., the quantum of damages. Plаintiff’s testimony tended to show that his coat, trousers and hat, of the value of $38.50, were ruined and lost to him; that he paid for necessary medical services a reasonable sum, to-wit, $30; that he lost through disablement at least eight weeks’ wages at $18 per week, amounting to $144. These items of actual and undisputed loss aggregаte $212.50. As said heretofore, the record shows the defense below hung on one lone thread — viz., non-liability. Accordingly, as just indicated, the record also shows that defendant made no attempt to either deny or mitigate the amount of plaintiff’s said loss in wages and property. If at the trial it cared a snap of the fingers оne way or the other about the amount, its solicitude is not-disclosed by proofs, by offers of proof, or by any other *177position, nisi, taken by its able counsel. So, defendant made no attempt to controvert plaintiff’s other testimony, presently canvassed, tending to show the extent and character of the injuries to his person. His injuries were these (we copy a bit from the testimony of his physician): ‘ The contusion and laceration of the right elbow, some spraining- of the joints, and a bad sprain of the left wrist, with dislocation of the smaller bones of the upper row of the carpus.” It was necessary for his doctor to reduce the dislocatiоns and for three or four weeks (daily as we read it) cleanse and dress his wounds and to tend his sprains until cured.

There is no pretence indulged that his injuries and sufferings were magnified or were otherwise than as indicated by the above undisputed proof. The position of defendant at the trial was not that plaintiff’s wounds, hurts and plains were non-existent, or the simulation of a malingerer. Its position as to this element of damages was the same it was anent plaintiff’s property loss, viz., non-liability. As accentuating that frank and blunt position, defendant put in no ground in its motion for a new trial that the verdict was excessive. We stress the omission of that complaint.

The case must proceed on appeal, then, on the theory the verdict is not excessive, and on the further theory that the liability or non-liability of defendant for all of plaintiff’s resulting damages was threshed out below and pit substantial proof settled against defendant.

It is on such record we are called on to say whether or no the giving of plaintiff’s instruction on the measure of damages was reversible error. That instruction, numbered “8” by the court, is to-wit:

*178Instruction: Measure of Damages. *177“The court instructs yon, gentlemen of the jury, that ‍​‌‌​‌​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‍if you find for the plaintiff, you should, in estimat*178ing bis damages, consider bis physical condition before and after receiving tbe injuries for which be sues as shown by tbe evidence, tbe physical pain and mental anguish, if any, suffered by him on account of bis injuries at tbe time of and since such injuries, as shown by tbe evidence to have been caused by tbe injuries then and there received; tbe extent, if any, to which be has been prevented and disabled by reason of such injur-. iеs from working and earning a livelihood for himself at bis regular employment as a bartender: bis necessary expenses for medical attention in endeavoring to be cured; bis loss by reason of damage, if any, to his wearing apparel, as a result of tbe falling or being thrown from defendant’s car; and you may find for him such sum, аs in tbe judgment of tbe jury, under all tbe evidence in tbe case, will compensate him for tbe injuries then and there received, if any, wages or earnings lost, necessary expenses incurred, and damage to wearing apparel suffered, not, however, exceeding tbe sum of five hundred dollars.”

To that instruction defendant excepted; but asked none of its own on tbe measure of damages.

It will be observed (and herein its vice is said to lurk) that tbe instruction placed no dollar limit on tbe items of special damages' pleaded in tbe complaint, viz.: $40 for clothes, $30 for medical expenses, $156' in wages; but did limit tbe outside boundary of tbe аggregate recoverable damages to $500, the gross sum demanded in tbe complaint. Tbe jury returned a general verdict, thus:

“We the jury in tbe above cause find in favor of tbe plaintiff on tbe issues herein joined, and assess bis damages at tbe sum of two hundred and fifty ($250.00) dollars.”

So much for tbe vital record.

*179Clerical Error in Motion, I. Respondent makes the point that instruction number eight, the one questioned, was not challenged in the motion for a new trial, hence is not here for review. Let us look to that. It appears m the record as one of a senes covering all on both sides and bears the serial number “8.” Defendant’s motion for a new trial struck at plaintiff’s instructions, described in the motion as “one, two and three.” Respondent argues that on such record there is no instruction “No. 3” given for plaintiff — that, contra, instruction “No. 3” was given for defendant. Hence, he says, the only challenge in said motion is either to an imaginary instruction number three, or to one of defendant’s own, and none at all to number eight. The facts are that, in thе court’s series, “No. 8” was the third and last of plaintiff’s given instructions, that “No. 3” was- given for defendant, but that plaintiff only asked and got three. It thus appears that the challenge in the motion was to as many as plaintiff got, but used the wrong serial number in one instance.' So, it is of significance that the bill of exceptions shows, as already pоinted out, that defendant excepted to “No. 8.” Admitting that words ‍​‌‌​‌​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‍of description may, when reason calls for. it, become material, yet in the condition of thing’s we are dealing with it is too plain for argument that the motion for new trial by clerical mistake read “three” instead of “eight.” It is good doctrine that a mere сlerical mistake is not fatal. [Cassidy v. St. Joseph, 247 Mo. 197.] To make such a pen-slip a fatal slip on appeal would be to let a mere pin-prick of inadvertence hide the very right of the matter even as the cloud the Hebrew prophet saw, on the rim of the horizon, of the size of a man’s hand, spread presently and shut out the sky. That the law regards not trifles, is one of its favorite maxims. It is written (we construe the writing liberally) that those who allow themselves to strain at .gnats are prone (if they don’t look out) to get in the *180class of those whose powers of deglutition may encompass the swallowing of camels. We invoke for that theory the wise hint of a venerated document well known to the whole bar of Missouri (q. v.). So Horace holds up' a red danger signal in his Ars Poética of some value in dispensing justice through judicial exposition, viz.: Parturiunt montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.

We rule the point against respondent.

II. Of the instruction.

We are of opinion it was well enough on this record. This, because:

Respect is the very tap root of all true fealty and obedience. Now, no system of laws сould for one minute command a whit of respect that would add to the delays of the law (five years in this case) the intolerable burden of reversing judgments on every error whatsoever.

On this head I may be allowed to illustrate by an edict of the Second Emperor of the last Chinese ruling dynasty, to point a moral. Pan Hui Lo, in “A Study of Chinese Jurisprudence” (G Ill. Law Rev., p. 533), vouches for such edict, viz.: *181before the magistrates. In this manner the evil will be cut up by the roots; the good subjects, who have difficulties among themselves, will settle them like brothers by referring to the arbitration of the old men and gentry of the commune. As for those who are troublesome, obstinate and quarrelsome, let them be ruined in the law courts — that is the justice that is due to them. ’ ’

*180“The Emperor, considering the immense population of the Empire, and the great division of the territorial property and the notoriously law-loving character of the Chinese, is of opinion that lawsuits would tend to increаse to a frightful amount, if the people were not afraid of the tribunals, and if they felt confident of always finding in them ready and perfect justice. A man is apt to delude himself concerning his own interests; contests would then be interminable, and the half of the Empire would not suffice to settle the lawsuits of the other half. I desire, therefore, that those who have recourse to the tribunals should be treated without any pity, and in such manner that they should be disgusted with law, and tremble to appear

*181The abhorrent office of a Chinese judge, brutally suggested in the reasoning of the edict, is not the judge’s office among a free people, whоse laws are to be ‍​‌‌​‌​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‍so administered as to win the respect of the good citizen for the laws, and whose courts so rule in dispensing justice as to be worthy the esteem of just men.

Reversible Error. But we have been led a little afield. Getting back, to the trend of our discourse, imperfections and errors are inherent in every phase of human endeavor. Ideal and absolute perfection is an iridescent dream of a dreamer — a vision of Utopia — out of court, as in. Accordingly on appeal the question is not: Was there any error below? It is: Was there reversible error? It matters little whether an appellate court gоes to the written law for the distinction between mere error on one hand and reversible error on the other, or goes there for its duty to draw and apply that distinction, as the majority of this Division held in Trainer v. Mining Company, 243 Mo. l. c. 371, or whether it goes to its inherent power to act sensibly, independent of any statute, as my еsteemed brother Graves insisted in the same case, 1. c. 374, et seq. This is so because the source of the power is immaterial, the existence of it and the duty to exercise it are the worthy parts, the principal thing. Under the statutes (or- in the very nature of things, regardless of statute) reversible error is bound to be error materially affecting the merits of the action— this, too, in the belief of the reviewing court. [R. S. 1909, sec. 2082.1 Reversible error excludes the con*182sideration of any error or defect not affecting the substantial rights of the complaining party. [R. S. 1909, sec. 1850.]

The prophylactic rules thus announced apply as well to instructions as to оther defects or lapses in the history of the incidents of a lawsuit. So that the right doctrine steadily announced is that where it is obvious in a given case that an instruction has done no harm, where we do not “believe” it has done harm, where the verdict is manifestly right and it is apparent that a different result could not have bеen reached without injustice, a reversal is denied, although such instruction is open to criticism for looseness in language or generality of terms.

[Petersen v. Transit Company, 199 Mo. l. c. 344; Noble v. Blount, 77 Mo. l. c. 239; Haehl v. Railroad, 119 Mo. l. c. 344; Fox v. Windes, 127 Mo. l. c. 514; Macfarland v. Heim, 127 Mo. l. c. 335; Sherwood v. Railroad, 132 Mo. 339; Schuepbach v. Gas Co., 232 Mo. l. c. 612.]

In the foregoing view of it, the verdict and judgment in this case must stand.' We will not speculate on what the jury might do, or airily conjecture this or that. We stand on the proposition that the jury are presumed, absent anything to the contrary appearing, to obey their oaths and bring in a verdict according to the evidence. Being men of sense and аcting under an oath freshly taken, they are entitled to that presumption. Assuming (which was true) that they are properly instructed on the question of liability for the accident, then the undisputed testimony from unimpeached witnesses, on facts neither absurd nor impossible, was-that plaintiff suffered in actual property damages an outlay of $30- for a doctor, $38.50' for clothes and $144 for wages, aggregating $212.50. Deducting that from the amount of the verdict, $250, leaves $37.50 to respond as damages for his conceded dislocation of bones- and other hurts and pains-. There could not be (as there was not) any complaint that such verdict was *183exсessive. Hence, that there was no injury to appellant, that the error if any from the' generality of the instruction on the measure of damages did not affect’ the merits, arises to the dignity of a self-evident proposition, a mathematical demonstration. Nay, if there is any injustice about the verdict it is in favor of аppellant and against respondent.' So that where there is no dispute as to the amount ‍​‌‌​‌​​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‍of the damages, as here, and no contradiction of plaintiff’s evidence in that regard, as here, and no complaint of an excessive verdict, as here, and where appellant has not lost a pеnny by reason of the fact that a limit was not put in the instruction on the amount of damages in each specific item of loss, as here, the judgment ought not to he disturbed, under the authority of the cases cited supra.

The case breaks on the ruling just made; therefore inviting questions urged upon us involving (1) a reconsideration, or the distinguishing, of the doctrine announced in Smoot v. Kansas City, 194 Mo. 513, relating to an instruction on the measure of damages, and (2) still others relating to a contention that the generality of plaintiff’s instruction on the measure of damages (where defendant stands mute and asks none) is not reversible error under the doctrine of Browning v. Railroad, 124 Mo. l. c. 71, and a line of cases following that, are not reached and are reserved to be ruled in some ease turning on them.

Let the judgment be affirmed. It is ' so ordered.

All concur.