Thе appellant, Frank Shimada, is a minor, nine years of age, and sues herein by his guardian. The respondent, Diking District No. 12, of the county of Skagit of the state of Washington, is a diking district organized under the act of the legislature of March 20, 1895 (Laws of 1895, p. 304). The respondents, W. E. Jennings, P. Samuelson and Ben Otterstedt, are the duly elected and acting commis *169 'sioners of the diking district named. The defendant, Lewis Ekman, is the general superintendent and foreman of the diking district, and has charge of all work performed on behalf of the district in thе construction and repair of its dikes, ditches and other structures. The defendant,-Ekman, is the wife of Lewis Ekman.
On September 28, 1924, the diking district was engaged in the repair of one of its dikes, on the top of which dike a wagon road extended. The work required blasting, and a box containing dynamite and dynamite caps was brought to the place of work for that purpose. During a temporary absence of the workmen engaged in the work, the box and its contents were left in a conspicuous and exposed position near the place of work. The minor appellant, while passing over the road mentioned, espied the box, and, going to it, took therefrom and carried away certain of the dynamite caps. Some two days later, while hе was playing with the caps, one of them exploded, blinding and otherwise permanently injuring him. The work in which the district was engaged was being performed under the direct and immediate supervision of the defendant, Lewis Ekman.
In this action, the minor appellant sought to recover for the injuries suffered. To his complaint, which embodied the facts above outlined, the respondents and the defendants interposed a general demurrer. The trial court sustained the demurrer as to the respondents, and overrulеd it as to the defendants. The appellant elected to stand on his complaint, whereupon the court entered a judgment of dismissal with prejudice as to the respondents. The appeal is from the judgment so entered.
As to the commissioners of the district, there would seem to be, but little question that the demurrer *170 was rightly sustained, in so far as the action is against them personally. The district is a corporation, and these persons but compose the body whom the statute empowers to direct and carry out its corporate functions. Their authority is to “manage and conduct the business affairs of the district,” and their acts in that behalf, when within the scope of their authority, are the acts of the corporation, not their individual acts, and they are not bound to answer personally, merely because of their official relation to the corporation, either for its contracts or for torts committed by its subordinate agents or employees. If the rule were otherwise, the cоrporation could hardly function. No person of character or responsibility could afford to accept such a position, if he is to be held personally liable for the contracts he incurs on behalf of the corporation, or personally liable for torts committed by the persons he employs on its behalf. This is not to say that he can in no case be so personally liable. In the case of a contract he is liable, if he binds himself upon it, and in the case of a tоrt he is liable, if he personally directs its commission, or participates therein, or remains inactive when he knows, or should know in the exercise of reasonable care, that it is about to be committed and takes no steps to prevent it. But he is liable in these instances because of his personal action or inaction, not merely because of his official position. In this instance, there is no charge that the commissioners participated in the wrong-giving rise to the appellant’s injury. There is no charge, even, that they were guilty of employing an incompetent servant. They can be held therefor, if held at all, only under the doctrine of respondeat superior. But this doctrine is applicable only in instances where the subordinate is the servant or agent of the superior, *171 and here the diking district is the superior, not the commissioners who are merely its directing head.
The question whether the district is liable involves different principles and is of more difficulty. The first question in dispute between the parties is wh.ether a diking district organized under the statute citеd partakes of the nature of a public or of a private corporation. It is our opinion that it partakes of the nature of the former. Indeed, it would seem that the statute itself permits of no other interpretation. The organization of such a district is initiated by petition. The petition must set forth the boundaries of the proposed district, the nature of the proposed system of diking it is contemplated to construct, must contain the averment that the proposed system “will be conducive to the public health, convenience and welfare, and increase the public revenue, and that the establishment of said district and system of diking will be of special benefit to the property included therein,” and the board empowered to hear and determine the truth of the allegations of the petition must find as fact, before the final steps necessary to complete the organization are taken, that the quoted averments of the petition are true.
Again, the рroceedings had for the organization of the district are not wholly voluntary. The initial petition needs be signed only by such number of persons as own a majority of the acreage within the boundaries of the proposed district, and, in the final vote necessary to complete the organization, a majority vote of the legally qualified electors within the district alone is required. True, anyone affected by the organization of the district is given an opportunity to make objections against the establishment of the district, but he must show some reason in law or some' reason in fact, fatal to the establishment, before his *172 objections will avail Mm anything. His mere disagreement with the policy or objects of the majority is of no concern. However muсh he may be unwilling to have Ms land subjected to the burden imposed upon it by the establishment of the district, he must submit, if the majority rule otherwise. It may be that the organization is voluntary in so far as the persons holding a majority in acreage of the land within the district are сoncerned, but, manifestly, it is involuntary as to the holders of the minority acreage, however large that minority may be. Again, the district, when organized, has the power of eminent domain—a power not an attribute of a corporation purely privаte, but of one affected by a public interest and subject to regulation by the state. And, again, the district has perpetual succession. Its duration is neither limited by the fundamental law nor by statute. As long as organized government exists, the lands of the unwilling land owner may be taxed annually to maintain the ditches, drains and dikes the district is organized to construct and maintain. The foregoing are not attributes of a private corporation. They belong and can legally belong to those only that are in their essential elements public.
Our cases are to the effect that such districts are public rather than private corporations.
Brown Brothers v. Columbia Irr. Dist.,
In the latter of these cases, after quoting from the statutes providing for the formation of diking districts, it was said:
“These provisions of the statute render it plain that a diking district, when lawfully created, becomes *173 a legal entity as a public corporation, and that its board of commissioners possess tbe usual discretionary powers of managing boards of public corporations, in so far as the powers and duties enumerated in tbe above quoted sections of tbe statute are concerned.”
Tbe case of Whitten v. Silverman is also instructive. In that case it appeared that an election bad been beld in a diking district for the offices оf commissioners, in which three certain persons bad been returned as elected by the canvassing board appointed by law to canvass tbe returns of such an election. Three other persons, claiming that they, instead of tbe three returned, bad been legally elected, instituted a contest proceeding in tbe superior court. Tbe jurisdiction of tbe superior court to try tbe issue was challenged, and, while tbe trial court overruled tbe challenge, this court sustained it, bolding that tbe district was a municipal corporation, and that tbe courts were without jurisdiction to entertain a contest proceeding of an election beld therein, in tbe absence of express statutory authority permitting a contest in tbe courts, and that therе was no such statutory authority. Tbe decision placed diking districts in this respect on a plane with tbe more common municipal corporations, such as counties, cities, towns, and school districts.
It is a general rule, although perhaps not of unifоrm acceptance, that a municipal corporation is not liable to answer for tbe personal torts of its officers, agents or employees in tbe absence of a statute expressly declaring them so bable. Such is tbe rule in this stаte.
Clark v. Lincoln County,
The further question is whether there is a . statute making diking districts liable for the torts of their agents or employees. That there is no direct statute so doing is conceded, but it is thought such-statutory authority is found in §§ 950 and 951 of the code (Rem. Comp., Stat.) [P. C. §§ 8393, 8394]. These sections read as follows:
“§950. An action at law may be maintained by any county, incorporated town, school district, or other public corporation of like character in this state, in its corporate name, and upon a cause of actiоn accruing to it, in its corporate character, and not otherwise, in either of the following cases:—
“1. Upon a contract made with such public corporation;
“2. Upon a liability prescribed by law in favor of such public corporation;
“3. To recover a penalty or forfeiture given to such рublic corporation;
“4. To recover damages for an injury to the corporate rights or property of such public corporation.”
“§951. An action may be maintained against a county, or other of the public corporations mentioned or described in the preceding section, either upon a contract made by such county or other public corporation in its corporate character, and within the scope of its authority, or for an injury to the rights of the рlaintiff arising from some act or omission of such county or other public corporation.”
The quoted sections were enacted in territorial days, and are a part of the state law in virtue of § 2, Art. 27, of the state constitution. At the time of their enactment, and at the time of the adoption of the constitution, diking districts were unknown to the law, *175 and if they are included within the provisions of the statute it is only by inference, and “this occurs,” to use the words of Mr. Endlich, “when the act deals with a genus, and the thing which afterwards comes into existence is a species of it.” (Endlich on Interpretation of Statutes, § 112.) But it is not our opinion that diking districts are a species of the genus corporar tions enumerated in the statute. The many distinctions between such corporations and the enumerated corporations need not be pointed out. The principal and controlling one is that diking districts have not the general power of taxation that is possessed by the enumerated corporations. They may levy taxes only for district purposes—the purposes of maintenance and repair of their diking works—and these they are permitted to impose only on the ratio of benefits. No judgment entered in the present action could be recovered without further legislative action, and in our opinion this fact alone forbids the holding that they are a species of such genus. It would seem to be conclusive also of the fact that the legislature did not intend that they should be liable for torts of this sort; fоr, manifestly, had it so intended, it would have made provision for the payment of judgments recovered in such actions.
The cases cited from other jurisdictions holding contrary to the general rules announced by our cases, we shall not review. It is sufficient to say that we find in them no compelling reason requiring a departure from our holdings.
The judgment is affirmed.
Tolman, C. J., Holcomb, Mitchell, and Main, JJ., concur.