21 W. Va. 368 | W. Va. | 1883
announced the opinion of the Court:
The first enquiry is, did the court below err in overruling the demurrer to the declaration ? As the demurrer was to the entire declaration and not to each count, if either count was sufficient, the court did not err. See Nutter v. Sydenstricker, 11 W. Va. 535, syllabus 2 and 543 and cases cited. The second or common count.for money had and received, is good in this case. It is objected to because both the consideration for the promise and the promise itself, is stated after a whereas. It is unquestionably true, that it is a general rule of pleading, that whatever facts are necessary to constitute the cause of action should be directly and positively stated in the declaration, and not by way of recital; but though this
This conclusion was reached because this was the manner, in which the judges of England had prescribed for such a count in an action of assumpsit; and they decided, that such a mode of stating the promise in such a count was good, independently of their having prescribed this as its proper form. And while the Virginia courts had repeatedly sustained demurrers in other forms of action, because necessary facts were not stated in the declarations positively, but by way of a recital as after a whereas, yet they had never held, that a demurrer to a count in a declaration in indebitatus as-sumpsit would be defective, because the promise was stated after a whereas, and there was supposed to be a difference between such a case and other kinds of suits, when statements of necessary facts were made after a whereas. We therefore held, that we would not go any further than the Virginia courts had gone, in enforcing this general rule of pleading, that all necessary facts shsuld be stated in the declaration positively, and not after a whereas or by way of recital.
It is true, that we did not in the case of Barton & Co. v. Handsford decide, that in a common countin a declaration on assumpsit, the consideration might be stated after a whereas, but only, that the promise might be so stated. But as the promise is the very gist of the action of assumpsit, it would seem to follow, that if we permit it to be thus stated after a whereas, we could not consistently hold, that in such a count the consideration could not be stated after a whereas; especially when the forms of common counts, as prescribed by the English judges, not only stated, the promise after a whereas, but also .the consideration. See Conway Robinson's Forms, pages 550, 551 and 554.
In this case, the second or common count follows the form substantially' so proscribed by the English judges, and I think must be held good on demurrer. The circuit court therefore, did not err in overruling the demurrer to the dec
The next enquiry is, did the court err in giving any instruction to the jury excepted to by the defendant, or in refusing to give any instructions offered by him, or in improperly modifying those given ? Before considering these instructions given and refused by the circuit court, I will consider some general principles of law applicable to the questions, which were presented during the trial of this casein the court below.
It may be regarded as well settled, that a policy of insurance against fire, is a contract of indemnity against loss by fire, and that the assured must have an interest in the property insured. See Quarrier, Trustee, v. Insurance Co., 10 W. Va. p. 522 and authorities there cited. This interest must be existing, as a general rule, both when the policy is issued and when the loss occurred. But it would be a great error to assume, that by an insurable interest is meant property in the subject insured. The assured has in his property insured an insurable interest, whenever he holds such a relation to it, that its destruction by fire would involve him in pecuniary loss or would involve others in pecuniary loss, for whom he acts or whom he represents. As for instance, a common carrier has an insurable interest in the goods carried by him, which ho may insure to their full value, without regard to his liability to the owner of the goods. Crowley v. Cohen, 3 B. & Ad. 478; London & Northwestern Railway Co. v. Glyn, 1 El. & El. 652. So has a warehousemen, though he is liable only for his own negligence to the owner. Waters v. Monarch Assurance Co., 5 El. & Bl. 870. And to give a party an insurable interest in property, it is not necessary that he should have any pecuniary interest therein, or that he should be even responsible for its safekeeping. If he has the care or possession of the property, he may insure in his own
As I understand it, wherever an insurable interest exists in an agent, he may as a general rule, insure for the entire value and recover the same for the benefit of the owners, over and above his own interest, whenever the assurance was effected for that purpose, though the agent was not responsible to the owners, and they were not aware of any insurance for their benefit. Waters v. Monarch Insurance Co., 5 El. & Bl. 870. And policies in such cases, may be issued “for the benefit of whom it may concern,” and then any person, who has an insurable interest therein at the time of the loss, and whose interest wets intended to he covered by the policy, may recover thereon.
It is obvious, that the main object of the law in requiring the insured to have what is called an insurable interest in the property insured, is. to discourage and prevent parties having no control or management of property, and no sort of interest in its preservation from fire but mere strangers to the property, obtaining policies on such property against its destruction by fire. Such policies would amount to nothing but wagers, whether the property should be destroyed by fire in a specified time. And public policy, rather than justice to the insurance company requires, that the law should pronounce, as it does, such policies void.
Every policy of insurance against loss by fire, on its face, professes to show, that the insured has an insurable interest in the property; and in any controversy between the insured and the company, this policy on its face, is sufficient prima fade evidence, that the insured has an insurable interest in the property; and if the company seeks to avoid its contract by claiming, that it was but a wager, contrary to public policy, the burden of overcoming the prima facie evidence to the contrary, on the face of the policy, is upon the company, which it must meet by proving, that in fact the insured had no insurable interest in the property.
It is true, that the declaration must allege such insurable
With reference to the authority possessed by the agent of a fire insurance company to do certain acts, it is true that the reports of judicial decisions are filled with the efforts of insurance companies, by their counsel, to establish the doctrine, that they can through parties in their employ malee all the efforts, which they actually do ordinarily make to get persons to insure in their companies; aud yet, after having done so, limit their responsibility for the acts of these agents to the simple receipt of the premium and delivery of the policy; the argument being, that as to all other acts of the agent, he is the agent of the assured. And as stated in Insurance Company v. Wilkinson, 13 Wall. 255, “This proposition is not without support in some of the earlier decisions on the subject. The tendency of the modern decisions in this country is steadily in the opposite direction. The powers of the agent are prima facie co-extensive with the business entrusted to his care, and will not be narrowed by limitations not communicated to the person with whom he deals.” Bebee v. Hartford Ins. Co., 25 Conn. 51; Lycoming Ins. Co. v. Schollenberger, 8 Wright 259; Beal v. The Park Ins. Co., 16 Wis. 257; Davenport v. Peoria Ins. Co., 17 Iowa 276.
An insurance company, establishing a local agency, must be held responsible to the parties with whom they transact birsiness for the acts and declarations of the agent, within the scope of his employment, as if they proceeded from the principal. Savings Bank v. Charter Oak Ins. Co., 31 Conn. 517; Horwitz v. Equitable Ins. Co., 40 Mo. 557; Ayres v. Hartford Ins. Co., 17 Iowa 176; Howard Ins. Co. v. Bruner, 11 Harris 50.” And the decisions sustain the position, that the company is bound by all the acts of its agents within the scope of his apparent authority, unless notice is given the assured, that with reference to matters within the scope of his apparent- authority certain limitations are imposed upon
When a policy of insurance is renewed or continued in force by a subsequent contract, it differs from a new contract of insurance, for by it the original contract is kept up, and in case of loss the original policy is the basis of the action, in connection with the contract of renewal or continuance. If changes in any of the terms, or anj^ other change is intended to be made at the time of such renewal or continuance of a policy, it can be properly done without changing the wording of the original policy, by simply expressing the change agreed on in the renewal receipt. But the change should be expressed in the receipt, and the original policy with all its terms remains in force after such renewal or continuance, changed only in those respects which are stated in the receipt. For this receipt is not only a receipt, but is also a contract, while so far as it operates as a receipt, parol evidence may be introduced to vary it, but so far as it operates as a contract being in writing, it cannot be changed or modified by parol proof. State, etc., Ins. Co. v. Porter, 3 Grant’s Cases (Pa.) 123; Witherel v. Maine Ins. Co., 49 Me. 200, 203, 204; Lacey v. Phenix F. Ins. Co., 56 Me. 562, 565; New England Ins. Co. v. Wetmore, 32 Ill. 221, 242, 243; Driggs v. Albany Ins. Co., 10 Barb. (N. Y.) 440, 445.
Although such a renewal or continuance receipt, so far as it operates as a contract, cannot be explained or contradicted by any parol evidence yet, if it is on its face ambiguous, the meaning of the parties may be shown by proving the situation of the parties to the contract, the circumstances surrounding them when the renewal receipt wras given, and their subsequent conduct in carrying into effect their written contract. For this kind of parol evidence, though not the' verbal declarations of parties, can always be received to explain the
Generally a refusal by the company to pay, or a denial of its liability before any preliminary proofs are made, as required on the face of a policy, whereby the assured is induced not to comply with the conditions of the policy in that respect, is in law a waiver of the conditions of the policy requiring such proofs to be made. Such a denial of responsibility is the same as a notice to the assured, that payment will not be made in any event, upon grounds other than a failure to comply by the assured with the conditions as to the proof of loss ; and it thus renders them wholly unnecessary, as the law does not require a person to perform an act, which the act of the other party has rendered unnecessary or a mere idle formality. Norwich, &c., Trans. Co. v. Western Mass. Ins. Co., 34 Conn. 561; Taylor v. Merchants’ Ins. Co., 9 How. (U. S.) 390; Post v. Ætna Ins. Co., 43 Barb. (N. Y.) 351; Dean v. Ætna Life Ins. Co., 4 Thompson and Cook (N. Y.) 497.
We will now apply these principles to the case before us. It appears from the first bill of exceptions that the defendant asked the court to instruct the jury : “If from the evidence the jury find that the estate of Amos Sheppard prove to be solvent, and his debts have all been provided for by the sale of other assets, without the necessity of resorting to the alleged policy ot insurance then, that the administrator of John A. Sheppard has no insurable interest in said property, and can not recover in this suit.” The court refused to give this instruction. Did it err in so doing ? This instruction is very badly worded, but I understand that it propounds as law the proposition, that if an administrator insures real estate of his decedent then, he has no insurable interest if the estate both real and personal is solvent, whether the debts have been actually paid or not, provided, that by the sale of other real estate a fund has been raised, which will be sufficient to pay the debts of the decedent.
It is true, that notwithstanding our statute subjecting realty to the payment of debts of the decedent, the real estate oí a decedent in no wise and for no purpose goes into the
The administrator therefore, when the personal estate of the decedent in his hands is insufficient to pay his debts, is not a mere intermeddler when he insures the real estate; and such insurance is not a mere wager, as to whether the property insured will be burned in a specified time. It is therefore not clear, that an administrator would not under these circumstances at least, and on the principles we have laid down, have a right to insure a house which had belonged to his decedent for the benefit of creditors. That the creditors themselves of the decedent would under these circumstances have an insxirable interest, seems clear. The law does not require, that the assured should have an estate or property in the subject of insurance. It is sufficient, that he have a direct pecuniary interest in its preservation. If the assured be liable to loss, if the property be destroyed by fire, he has always an insurable interest. Creditors having under the circumstances we have supposed, no other way of making their debts, and having a direct and certain right to subject the real estate to sale for their benefit, have an interest as positive and absolute as one having a specific lien, or oven as the owner himself. It is not at all in flíeliafúre of expectation, such as a presumptive heir has in the estate of his ancestor. The creditors therefore would have a clear right to insure, but their recovery would have been limited to the amount of their debts.
With reference to the administrator, he would have a clear right to insure the personal property of the decedant in his hands; hé would have the legal title to such property. But it is quite different with the land, which descends to the heirs. And if he had a right to insure the barn in this case,
Under our statute, an administrator has a certain connection with the real property. That he has no estate in it is true, but this we have seen, is not necessary to an insurable interest. ITe has no power to sell, but if the personal estate bo insufficient, he may apply to the court for an order to sell the real estate. It is material to the value of this power and to the objects contemplated by our statute, that the real estate should bo protected from injury in the interim; and until the proceedings can be perfected. If' the administrator cannot insure the parties interested, the creditors will be practically excluded from a remedy, which all other persons having a similar interest possess. There are many cases, as we have seen, where an agent or trustee may insure the interest of the party beneficially interested. And I therefore conclude, that at least, when the personal estate is insuffir cient to pay the debts, the administrator would have a right to insure a building on the real estate of the decedent. He has under these circumstances, at least, an insurable interest.
This reasoning is deduced from the language of Chief Justice Denio, in Herkimer v. Rice, 27 N. Y. pp. 169 to 180, and I have used his identical language, so far as it required no modification to suit the case before us. He adds on page 180: “ It is not necessary to decide to whom the surplus of the insurance money would have belonged, if the fund had exceeded the amount of the debts. The effect of the judgment in Wyman v. Wyman would probably, be that such surplus belonged to the heirs as a substitute for the real estate, so far as indemnity was not neecled for the payment of the debts; it was a trust for the heirs. It is true the administrator was not a representative of the heirs; but the company agreed to insure a certain amount on the buildings, and after the loss
This decision in Herkimer v. Rice, 27 N. Y. 163, is sustained in Phelps v. Gebhard, 9 Bosw. 404, and Clinton v. Hope Ins. Co., 45 N. Y. 454; and in Beach v. Bowery Ins. Co., 8 Abb. Pr. (N. Y.) 261, which I have not been able to see, it is made a query, whether the administrator has not an insurable interest when the personalty is sufficient to pay all the debts. But as in this case, the record does not show, that any evidence was offered tending to prove, that the personal estate was sufficient to pay all the intestate’s debts, this query need not be answered in this case.
If all the debts of the intestate had not been actually paid, when this suit was instituted by the administrator, on this policy, he would not be debarred from recovering because there were or might be real assets, of which the debts might be paid, any more than a judgment-creditor, who had insured the house of his debtor could be debarred from recovering-on the policy, if the house was burned, if his debt remained unpaid; because there might still be real estate of his debtor, out of which ho might make his debt. Having an insurable interest in the property, he would have a right to enforce the payment of the loss by fire, that it might be applied to the payment of his debt; and the insurance company has no right, legal or equitable, to require him to seek the payment of his debt elsewhere. If it had been actually paid, he could not recover on the policy, as he would have no continuing insurable interest. In the case supposed in this fourth instruction, set out in the first bill of exceptions, the court properly refused to say, that the plaintiff could not recover in this suit.
The circuit court committed no error in the modification of the instruction, set out in second bill of exceptions. The instruction asked was: “The court further instructs the jury, that if they believe from the evidence, that the plaintiff, John A. Sheppard, with fraudulent intent, altered the receipt for eleven dollars and twenty-five cents, produced in evidence, then they are to deny him all benefit from the said receipt as evidence of a contract, or for any other purpose whatever.” The court struck out the words, “or for any other purpose whatever,” and then granted this instruction. As the record on-
There was no error in the matter set out in the third bill of exceptions. I can see no difference in the instruction asked and the instruction given, though perhaps the instruction given by the court throughout was couched in language, which probably the jury would better understand.
The fourth bill of exceptions is, that the court refused to grant to the defendant this instruction: “That the receipt dated the 3d clay of September, 1874, which is for ton dollars, and which has been exhibited to the jury, considered as a contract of insurance could not renew a policy, which had expired on the 15th of August, 1874.” This instruction is based on the assumption, that the policy could not as a legal proposition be continued in force from September 3, 1874, to September 5, 1875, for the reason, that it had expired some two or three weeks before the date of this receipt. Or if it could be so continued by an express agreement in writing, it was not capable of being so continued by this receipt of September 5, 1874.
I am unable to see any reason, why the company could not by a proper agreement or receipt agree to continue in force upon the same terms and conditions and for the same amount the policy, which had ceased to exist on August 15
There is nothing in the insurance business, that requires any particular form to be used in making their contracts of insurance in order, that they may he binding. It may as well be done by a receipt or paper referring to a policy, which had expired as containing the terms of the agreement, as in any other form. But this instruction asks the court to declare, that it could not be done by the receipt for ten dollars, given September 3, 1874. Assuming for the present, that George E. Cordell, the agent of the defendant at Charlestown, had authority to make such contract, we will now consider, whether the court could have properly instructed the jury as a matter of law, thai he could not do so when he executed this receipt on September 3, 1874. The receipt is as follows:
‘'$10.00. Received of John A. Sheppard, administrator, ten dollars amount due on Peabody insurance-policy, commenced September 3, 1874, till September 3, 1875.
“George E. Cordell,
“Agent Charlestown, W. Va.”
There can be no question but that this paper is ambiguous in meaning. But when the court considered, that it was shewn in evidence as a continuation of a certain policy, filed with the declaration, and which had once before been continued in force for a year, after it had originally expired, and which policy and continuance were before it, they having been filed with the declaration, could it say, that this receipt was incapable of such an interpretation or, that it could not be interpreted as continuing this policy in force for one year from September 3, 1874, as it was asked to do by this instruction ? It seems to me that it could not. As this re-
Looking then only at the written papers before the court, to ascertain this situation and circumstances, we find, that policy No. 3121 had been issued by the Peabody Insurance Company to John A. Sheppard, administrator of Amos Sheppard, on August 15, 1872; that the annual premium for the insurance for a year in this policy named was ten dollars, corresponding exactly with the amount of this receipt; that it was issued by the company named in this receipt; and that it was signed by the same agent of this company. On examining this policy we find, that the tenth section of it provided that “this insurance may be continued for such further time as shall be agreed oh, provided the premium therefor is paid and endorsed on the policy, or a receipt given for the same.” And we further find from a paper filed with the declaration at the end of the year this policy wras renewed for another year by such a formal receipt for ten dollars ; the time of its extension being for one year from August 15, 1873. This year expired on August 15, 1874, and in less than twenty days thereafter this receipt of September 3, 1874, was executed, corresponding in amount with the former receipt also signed by George E. Cordell, agent, and stating, that it was the amount due on Peabody insurance policy; referring it w'ould seem to this policy. Now aided by these circumstances, to which we have a right to look, was it not the true meaning of this last receipt for ten dollars, that amount • being the exact premium on this policy for a year, to continue it in force for another year as had been previously done; and do not the words “commenced 3d day of September, 1874, till September 3, 1875,” mean, that the time of this extension and continuance of this policy commenced on the 3d day of September, 1874, and continued till September 3, 1875 ? It seems to me, that this ambiguous paper, when interpreted by the situation of the parties and the surrounding circumstances as it should be, meant exactly this and nothing more or less; and
The court did not err in the matters set out in the fifth bill of exceptions The instruction set out in it, which the court had already given the jury, was the same in substance, which the defendant asked should be again given to the jury, and the court properly refused to do so, as this repetition of an instruction in varying language could do no good, and might tend to confuse the jury.
There were four instructions given by the court to the jury, at the instance of the plaintiff, and they are set out in defendant’s bill of exception No. 7. The first of these instructions was in substance that: “If the jury find from the evidence, that the said receipt of ten dollars was given to renew the policy in the declaration mentioned, they will find for the plaintiff.” It would have been better for the instruction to have said: “They will regard the said receipt as a continuing in force of the policy named in the declaration, from September 3, 1874, to September 3, 1875,” instead of instructing them to find for the plaintiff, as the propriety of their so finding depended on other facts also. But as this is stated in the other instructions given the plaintiff, I do not think this defect in this instruction was prejudicial to the defendant; it was otherwise correct, as appears from what we have already stated. "We have seen that, whatever changes the parties might agree upon may be inserted in the renewal receipt, an.dthat the oldpolicy remains in force subject only to such qualifications and changes as are made in the receipt on its renewal.
In Driggs v. The Albany Insurance Company, 10 Barb. 440, a policy had been repeatedly changed in its terms and conditions in the renewal receipts. In the last renewal, it was changed from an insurance for one thousand eight hundred dollars on a grist mill and seven hundred dollars on machinery therein, by the renewal receipt, to two thousand five hundred dollars in general terms without making any distribution of the risk, and it was held, that the company was bound in this new form of obligation, though the effect of the change was to increase the responsibility of the company. This renewal receipt in this case, was signed only by the
The apparent authority of the agent to sign such a receipt, and make such a contract without the express assent of the company, by the signature of president and secretary to the receipt, it seems to me sufficiently appears from the fact, that the agent was the acting agent of the company in taking policies and in renewing them in Jefferson county; and especially from the tenth section of the policy which he had given the plaintiff and which declared, that “this insurance may be continued, for such further time as shall be agreed on provided, the premium thereon is paid and endorsed on this policy or a receipt given for the same.”
The plaintiff it seems , to me, had a right to regard this agent as having authority not only to receive the premium, which he unquestionably had, but to give for it a receipt. This was his apparent authority, and this power as we have seen could not be restrained by the company by any private instructions given to the agent and not made known to the plaintiff. The second of the plaintiff’s instructions states the law correctly according to the views, which have been before expressed.
The third instruction given at the instance of the plaintiff, bases the liability of the defendant upon his knowledge, that “ the plaintiff was interested in the property insured only as administrator of Amos Sheppard;” and from this alone it assumes, that it is estopped from denying, that he had an insurable interest in the property. This is it seems to me a misapplication of this principle laid down in Manhattan Fire Ins. Co. v. Well & Ulman, 28 Gratt. 389, which is, “that a company should never be allowed to avoid liabilities on the ground, that facts of which the company have full knowledge at the time of assuming the policy, were not set out as. requested by the formal words of the contract.”
Still the defendant, on the facts now appearing in this record, would it seems not have been injured by the court’s giving this third instruction asked for by the plaintiff. For as we have seen, the statement in the policy, that the barn insured was his, established the fact, that he had an insurable interest prima facie, and the record does not show, that any evidence was given, which tended to contradict this prima fade case. I suppose from the whole record, that there was probably no such evidence before the jury. But there may have been, as what evidence on this subject was before the j ury appears very imperfectly in the record; not having access to the requisite books now to determine the question, whether an administrator can in all cases insure real property of his intestate, I decline at this time to express any opinion on this point. It seems probable from the record, that it will never be necessary to decide this point in this case, as I suppose it most probable, that the personal estate of Amos Sheppard was insufficient to pay his debts. If it should on the next trial be shown otherwise, this question will have to be decided. But we will leave it till it does arise, if it ever does. The fourth instruction of the plaintiff states the law correctly, according to the views we have already expressed.
We have thus far found no error committed by the circuit court, which we can say was probably prejudicial to the plaintiff in error. But there was another instruction given apparently by the court, of its own motion, contained in the sixth bill of exception of the defendant, which was it seems
This instruction is erroneous in several respects. It states, that the defendant is bound by the acts of its agent in receiving the premium for a renewal of the policy of the plaintiff, even though such agent gave no renewal receipt. Of course this means, that the defendant is bound in this suit to answer for this act of its general agent. Now this suit was brought on a renewal of the policy, and the policy itself in its tenth seetioii provides that “this insurance may be continued for such further time as shall be agreed on, provided the premium therefor is' paid and endorsed on this policy or, a. receipt given for the same.” But by this instruction, the policy it is stated, may be renewed or continued by the simple paying of the premium. This can not be the cas'e, unless we are to disregard absolutely the express words of the policy defining the manner, in which it is to be renewed or continued.
It is immaterial in this case, whether the receipt of this premium alone by the agent imposed any obligation on the defendant, as if it did impose an obligation, it was one which could not be enforced in this suit. The court in this instruction not only states, that the simple receipt of the premiums by the general agent of this company imposed on it an obligation, but in the close of the instruction undertakes to define this obligation. It states, that this obligation is the same, “as if one of its policies had been then delivered to the plaintiff by said agent of the company.” I apprehend, that this is clearly a mistake. Whatever obligation if any, which the mere receipt of the premium by the defendant’s
The court is not bound to give such an instruction, and it it does so under circumstances calculated to mislead the jury, such instruction will be error for which the judgment will be reversed. Pasley v. English, 10 Gratt. 236. But though abstract, if it be not calculated to mislead, the case will not be reversed on that account. Hunter v. Jones, 6 Rand. 541. Now it does seem to me, that this erroneous instruction was calculated to mislead the jury. The facts, which the evidence tended to prove are very imperfectly set out in this sixth bill of exceptions, or indeed in any or all of them. Yet we may fairly infer from them, that as a matter of fact there was a dispute between the parties when trying this case before the jury, as to whether the plaintiff after calling oír the agent of the defendant to continue his policy for another year, and after paying him the year’s premium, ten dollars, and taking for it an exceedingly imperfect receipt, which he claimed to be a renewal receipt, abandoned the idea of renewing his policy with the defendant, and concluded to take out a new policy in the Nail City Insurance Company’, and as to whether or no he paid the additional charge for such new policy to the same person, as the agent of this Nail City Insurance Company, and took in lieu of a renewal of his policy with the defendant, a new policy^ in the Nail City Insurance Company’. There appears in this record evidence which tends to prove, that this was done and also evidence tending to prove, that it was not done; as for instance the retention by the plaintiff of the receipt for ten dolllars, as the premium in the defendant’s company.
If I, could see clearly, that this important question in this case was fairly submitted to the jury, and that in deciding upon it they were uninfluenced by this erroneous instruc
The record in this case is as I have said very imperfect; and passing my judgment on it in the imperfect state, in which it is presented my conclusion is, that this erroneous instruction of the court was calculated to mislead the jury to the prejudice of the plaintiff in error, and therefore the judgment of the circuit court of Jefferson county rendered on November 15, 1879, must be sot aside, reversed and annulled and the plaintiff in error must recover of the defendant in error, as administrator, his costs in this Court expended and that a new trial must be granted; the costs of the former trials to abide the result of this suit, and the cause must be remanded to the circuit court of Jefferson county to be proceeded with according to the principles laid down in this opinion.
Judgment Reversed. Cause Remanded,
