Lead Opinion
This аction was commenced on May 19, 1959, for the recovery of certain taxes and penalties collected from plaintiffs. All taxes referred to herein were paid from receipts derived from the leasing or renting in Arizona of motor vehicles which weighed in
At all times pertinent hereto the plaintiffs and their predecessors were in the business of renting or leasing trucks of various sizes to the public. At no time were they engaged as common carriers of any type of commodity. It is only by definition under A.R.S. § 40-601, subsec. A(5) that either plaintiff could be considered as included in Chapter 3, Title 40 of the Arizona Revised Statutes. From the time of the delivery of the vehicle to the lessee, the lessor has no control over the vehicle, its route or destination, the commodity hauled or the manner of being loaded or unloaded.
In the case of Nelssen v. Electrical District No. 4,
“ * * * [T]he sole remedy of the taxpayer who desires to attack any tax already imposed upon him under any law relating to taxation, unless there is some other special remedy provided by statute for such purpose. * * * ”60 Ariz. at page 150 ,132 P.2d at page 634 .
This is a case of a license tax for which there is in fact a special remedy. A.R.S. § 40-648 provides a special statute of limitations to attack a tax assessed under A.R.S. § 40-641: •
§ 40-648, subsec. A
“A motor carrier upon whom a license tax is imposed under articles 1 and 2 of this chapter shall not be permitted to test the validity thereof, either as plaintiff or defendant, unless the tax, together with all penalties thereon, is first paid to the superintendеnt. No injunction shall issue from any court against the superintendent to prevent or enjoin the collection of the license tax.
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§ 40-648, subsec. C
“Any action to recover a license tax shall be filed in a court of competent jurisdiction and shall be commenced within thirty days from payment thereof. Judgment shall be given affirming, modifying or sеtting aside the order of the superintendent fixing the amount of the tax.”
The first complaint was filed on May 19, 1959, claiming taxes for the period of October 1955 to April 1959, for both plaintiffs. An amended complaint was filed on July 31, 1959, claiming to cover all taxes paid through the month of July, 1959, for both parties. On September 4, 1959, a second amendеd complaint was filed in which the plaintiffs sought to avoid timely litigation by saying that any taxes they paid thereafter were to be covered in this complaint. Thereafter an answer was filed by the State raising the statute of limitations. A stipulated statement of facts was filed on October 27, 1965, at which time there was a stipulation that Shaw Truck Leasing Company had paid $14,299.53 under protest and Ryder Truck Rental, Inc. had paid $28,682.86 under protest from 1959 to the end of 1964.
The State made a motion for summary judgment, and in their accompanying memorandum raised the issue of the statute of limitations. In July of 1966 a formal written judgment granting the State’s motion for summary judgment was entered. Howеver, it did not explain whether the judgment was based upon the statute of limitations or upon a determination of the validity of the tax in question.
The Arizona Constitution permits the Legislature to determine in what manner a suit may be brought against the State. Arizona Constitution, Art. 4, Part 2, Section 18, A.R.S. Since the Legislature may set up statutes of limitations for all other actions, it should be implied that-they may also pass a statute of limitation for actions against the
The state may set limitations upon the method and manner of bringing suit against the state as long as such methods are reasonable and do not violate any constitutional rights of the taxpayer. Ameriсan Steel & Wire Co. of N. J. v. State,
We must now determine whether it is necessary to file an amended or suрplemental complaint every 30 days. In doing so, it becomes necessary to ascertain the intent of the Legislature. Bushnell v. Superior Court of Maricopa County,
The American Law Institute points out the reason for the statute of limitations in this area:
“If at the time of payment, the taxpayer protests or if he dеmands repayment before the collecting officer has paid it over, the collecting officer should retain the money in his control, unless a state requires him irrespective of protest or demand, to pay over all moneys collected to the division of government for which he has received them; in thе absence of such a statute if, after protest or demand, he pays over all the money to the division of government he is subject to liability for the amount paid if the tax is found to be void.” Restatement of Restitution, § 75 (j)-
The Arizona Statutes regarding this license tax state:
“Upon receipt of the taxes the vehicle superintendent shall forthwith transmit them to the state treasurer, who shall credit them to the state highway fund.” A.R.S. § 40-641, subsec. C.
“ * * * If the tax found due is less than the amount paid, the excess shall be refunded by the superintendent. The amount of the refund shall be paid from any license tax receipts in possession of the superintendent, * * A.R.S. § 40-648, subsec. B.
These sections imply that the vehicle superintendent is precluded from turning tax monies over to the State Treasurer for at least 30 days after receipt. After the thirty-day period has elapsed he may then pay the money over without fear of liability. It appears to this Court that the purpose of the thirty days was to prevent delay in the turning over of funds to the State. Jn a state whiсh has shackled itself by constitutional mandate to a total indebtedness of $350,000, Arizona Constitution, Art. 9, Sec. 5, the necessity of fiscal planning is especially important. The state must know as soon as possible what funds will and will not be available for its use.
Tennessee had a similar statute in that there was a requirement that the tax be paid аnd a suit brought within thirty days to recover any portion of the tax illegally obtained. The Tennessee Supreme Court in the case of American Can Co. v. McCanless,
We feel that any requiremеnt that a new action or a supplemental complaint must be filed within thirty days after payment of the tax regardless of the fact that one complaint has already stated plaintiffs’ intention of contesting all subsequent taxes is an unnecessarily onerous complication to the proceedings: The vehiclе superintendent, being personally served in the original suit, has actual notice that the propriety of the tax is being questioned. If the taxes collected are in fact illegal or unconstitu
The procedure set forth in A.R.S. § 40-648 does not expressly require that a protest accompany payment of the tax. Since the taxes in question wеre in fact paid under protest, this Court does not find it necessary to determine if the taxpayer is required to accompany its payments to the vehicle superintendent with a protest as a condition precedent to contest the validity of the tax.
The remainder of this case applies only to thosе taxes which were paid less than thirty days prior to the filing of the original complaint, or thirty days prior to the amended complaint of July 31, 1959, or were paid subsequent to the second amended complaint filed on September 4, 1959.
Plaintiffs contend A.R.S. § 40-601 is unconstitutional in that it violates Art. 2, Sec. 13 of the Arizona Constitution which guaranteеs equal rights to all persons of a class; Art. 2, Sec. 4 of the Arizona Constitution which prohibits the taking of property without due process of law; and Art. 4, pt. 2, Sec. 13 which prohibits the embracing of more than one subject in an action, which subject is not expressed in the title of the action.
This tax is a privilege tax and as such it is not а tax on property, but a tax on the right to do business in a certain manner. Such a tax may be imposed upon any class or classes of business the Legislature so desires as long as such classification is reasonable, not arbitrary, and all that fall within that class are treated alike. White v. Moore,
According to Bushnell, our primary duty is to ascertain the intent of the Legislature when they passed the statute in question. The Arizona Supreme Court, in the case of Campbell v. Commonwealth Plan, Inc.,
The United States Supreme Court has pointed out that such a purpose is a valid motive for the exercising of state legislative powers:
“First. It is well established law that the highways of the state are public property; that their primary and prеferred use is for private purposes; and that their use for purposes of gain is special and extraordinary, which, generally at least, the legislature may prohibit or condition as it sees fit. (citations omitted)” Stephenson v. Binford,287 U.S. 251 , 264,53 S.Ct. 181 , 184,77 L.Ed. 288 (1932).
A privilege tax on a lessor who leases heavy vehicles for transporting property on state highways, and who receives pecuniary benefits for this inordinate use of public highways, certainly is reasonable, and not arbitrary. It is reasonable to assume that the 6000-pound minimum was to keep from taxing those lessors whose vehicles were so light that they did not inflict serious wear and tear on the public highway аs did the transportation vehicles leased by the plaintiffs in this case. Campbell v. Commonwealth Plan, Inc., supra. This Court feels that such a classification is not unreasonable or arbitrary.
The plaintiffs point out that by virtue of the provisions of A.R.S. § 40-601, subsec. A (5) they are subjected to the provisions of A.R.S. § 40-641 requiring them to pay taxes on a par with and under the same provisions as those engaged in “public enterprise”, particularly the bond required under A.R.S. § 40-642 to secure the filing and payment of such taxes and penalties; the filing of reports under A.R.S. § 40-643; the sworn statements required under A.R.S. § 40-644; the penalties prescribed under
We must bear in mind that the United States Supreme Court said in Stephenson v. Binford, supra, that:
“We need not consider whether the act in some other aspeсt would be good or bad. It is enough to support its validity that, plainly, one of its aims is to conserve the highways. If the legislature had other or additional purposes, which, considered apart, it had no constitutional power to make effective, that would not have the result of making the act invalid. * * * ”287 U.S. 251 at page 276,53 S.Ct. at page 189 .
The judiciary cannot sit as a super-legislature to determine the wisdom, the necessity, or the inconvenience of a legislative enactment. The position of the courts was pointed out early in the history of these United States by Chief Justice John Marshall :
“ * * * But where the law is not prohibited, and is really calculated to affect any of the оbjects entrusted to the government, to undertake here to inquire into the degree of necessity, would be to pass the line which circumscribes the judicial department, and to tread on legislative ground. This court disclaims all pretensions to such powers.” M’Culloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat 316, 423,4 L.Ed. 579 (1819).
This position has always been approved by the Arizona Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. Skaggs Drug Center, Inc. v. United States Time Corp.,
The plaintiffs further contend that this Act when enacted was in violation of Art. 4, Part 2, Sec. 13 of the Arizona Constitution which states:
“* * * if any sybjgcj; shall be embraced in an Act which shall not be expressed in the title, such Act shall be void only as to sо much thereof as shall not be embraced in the title.”
The Arizona Supreme Court has set out certain rules of statutory construction in construing the constitutionality of legislative enactments. These rules are as follows:
1. The court must be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that a statute is unconstitutional. State v. Davey,
2. Article 4, Part 2, Section 13 of the Arizona Constitution is satisfied if the Act states the subject in general terms without disclosing the details of the legislation. It is not necessary that the title of the Act be an index to the statute. Ellery v. State,
3. Any provision having a natural connection with a title should be held to be embraced in it. State ex rel. Conway v. Vеrsluis,
4. Every intendment must be indulged by the courts in favor of the validity of a statute. Hernandez v. Frohmiller,
5. Constitutional provisions shall not be given construction which will nullify legislation but must be liberally construed. Dennis v. Jordan,
6. The title of the Act must tell in a general way what is to follow in the way of legislation. Dennis v. Jordan, supra.
7. The purpose of the constitutional provision is to prevent surprise and the evils of omnibus bills and surreptitious and hodge-podge legislation. State v. Espinosa,
For further discussion of these rules, see
This Court, following the above rules, holds that the title to the Act in ques
“DEFINING VEHICLES LEASED FOR TRANSPORTATION ON PUBLIC HIGHWAYS FOR COMPENSATION AS CONTRACT MOTOR CARRIERS FOR THE PURPOSE OF TAXATION; REQUIRING PRIVATE MOTOR CARRIERS LEASING SUCH VEHICLES TO FILE REPORT; REQUIRING PRIVATE MOTOR CARRIERS TO HAVE MANIFEST IN VEHICLES; AMENDING SECTIONS 66-501 AND 66-521, ARIZONA CODE OF 1939, AND AMENDING ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 66, ARIZONA CODE OF 1939, BY ADDING SECTION 66-526a.” Chapter 135, Session Laws of Arizona 1955, page 246.
The case of Boyes v. State of Arizona,
Affirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
(specially concurring).
I concur in the majority opinion in its entirety except for one legal proposition. The majority states that once a suit is filed it would be “unnecessarily onerous” to require the taxpayer to file a new action or a supplemental complaint to protect each monthly protest payment. I find no statutory exemption. To my mind it would be a simple prоcedure to draft a complaint in such form that a supplement to the complaint could be prepared, served and filed covering each additional payment under protest. The need for this procedure is especially clear if it he that it is not necessary to accompany each payment with a formal protest.