71 F. 931 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Northern Ohio | 1896
This suit was originally instituted in the court of common pleas for Lucas county, and, by due proceedings had, was removed by the defendant, which is a nonresident corporation, to this court. The plaintiff sues to recover for damages, because of certain negligence of the defendant and its agents in failing to have properly filled the space between the ties at a certain junction or cross-over, in said county, by reason of which plaintiff’s foot, was caught while undertaking to uncouple cars. There are certain other acts of negligence charged in the petition, which it is not necessary here to consider. Plaintiff claims permanent injury, and damages in the sum of $25,000. To this petition the defendant filed an answer, which, after denying the negligent acts charged' in the petition, set up, as a third defense, that said plaintiff, at the time he received the injuries complained of, was a member of the Voluntary Relief Department of the Pennsylvania Lines West of Pittsburgh; that said Voluntary Relief Department is an organization formed for the purpose of establishing and managing a fund, known as a “relief fund,” for the payment of definite amounts to employés contributing to the fund, who, under the regulations, are entitled thereto, when they are disabled by accident or sickness, and, in the event of their death, to their relatives or other beneficiaries specified in the application for insurance; that said relief fund is formed from voluntary contributions of the employés of the road, from contributions given by said defendant, the Pennsylvania Company, when necessary to make up any deficit, from income or profits derived from investments, or profits of the moneys of the fund, and such gifts and legacies as may be made for the use of the fund. The regulations governing said Voluntary Relief Department require that those who participate in the benefits of the relief fund must be employés in the service of the Pennsylvania Company, and be known as members of the relief fund. Defendant, further answering, says that no employé of the company is required to become a member of said relief fund; that the same is purely voluntary; that any one who has become a member may withdraw at any time, upon proper notice; that contributions from such members cease by so withdrawing. The defendant further says that participation in the benefits of such relief fund is based upon the application of the beneficiaries; that on the 3d day of January, 1894, the plaintiff in this case, being in the employ of the defendant company, applied for membership, and in said application agreed to be bound by the régulations of the said- fund. Defendant further says that the application for membership was approved and accepted at the office of the superintendent of the relief department, and that thereupon said plaintiff became a member of said relief fund. De
There are two questions to be determined upon the demurrer thus interposed. The first question is whether this contract between the plaintiff and the defendant is a valid one. The case, as presented to the court, rests entirely upon the pleadings. No evidence is before me, and ‘the allegations of the defendant’s answer are to be accepted as true by the plaintiff having demurred thereto. It therefore becomes important to emphasize the facts thus admitted. They are that the plaintiff voluntarily became a member of this relief department, with full knowledge of its rules and regulations. The answer further distinctly avers, and the demurrer admits it, that, by his application in writing to become a member of such relief department, the plaintiff agreed that the acceptance by Mm of benefits from the relief fund, for injury or death, should operate as a release of all claims for damages against said defendant, arising from such injury or death. It will be observed that it is the acceptance of benefits from this relief fund which, by the agreement, releases the railroad company from a claim for damages. If the employe injured does not accept such benefits, but chooses to sue for damages, his right of action is unimpaired, and in no re«pect waived. This is the case as presented by the pleadings and admitted facts. It is not the question of whether a railroad company, by contract with its employés, can exempt itself from suits for personal injuries caused by its negligence. That, as a general rule, cannot be doin'. This case does not present that question, neither does it present an issue of fact as to whether this
It may be instructive to quote from some of the decisions heretofore referred to, declaring similar contracts valid. In the case of Johnson v. Railroad Co., 163 Pa. St. 127, 29 Atl. 854, the facts were that William B. Johnson, the plaintiff, was a brakeman, employed by the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company, and, while in said employ, became a member of the Philadelphia & Reading Relief Association. He made a voluntary application to become a member of that association, among others, upon the following conditions:
, “And, in consideration of the contribution to be made by the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company to the funds .of the association, 1 agree that acceptance of benefits from said relief fund for injuries or death shall operate as a release of all claims for damages against said company, my employer, arising from sueh injury or death, which could be made by or through me; and that I or my legal representatives will execute, or, where necessary, procure to be executed by others, such further instrument as may be necessary formally to evidence such acquittance.”
The case resulted in a verdict for the defendant in the court below, and the supreme court (Justice Mitchell speaking for the court) said:
■ “It is further objected — and this is the only substantial question in the case — that the release was void, as against public policy. * * * In this case there is no provision exempting the company from liability for future negligence. The benefits, by the regulations of the relief association, be*935 come line to members whenever disabled by accident in the company’s service. or by sickness, or injury other than in the company's service, without reference to the question of negligence at all. As these provisions include b< neflts in cases of accident, pure and simple, of injury by the negligence of fellow workmen, and by the member’s own contributory negligence, it is apparent that they cover a wide field, in which there is no liability of the railroad company at all. Such cases are probably a largo majority of those occurring to railroad employes; and the association, therefore, is of the highest order of beneficial societies. But, even in cases of injury through Hie company’s negligence, there is no waiver of any right, of action that the person injured may thereafter be entitled to. Tt is not the signing of the contract, but the acceptance of benefits after the accident, that constituíes the release. The injured party is therefore not stipulating for the future, but settling for the past. He Is not agreeing to exempt, the company from liability for negligence, but accepting compensation for an injury already caused thereby.”
The case of Donald v. Railway Co. was decided by the supreme court of Iowa in 1895, and is reported in 61 N. W. 971. The plaintiff, Donald, sued Ote defendant, to recover damages for the killing of his son while engaged as a brakeman on a freight train. The son was a member of the Burlington Voluntary Relief Department. He voluntarily became a member of such department. Employment in the company’s service in no way depended upon membership in that department. Tiie fund from which the benefits were distributed was obtained by monthly assessments of its members, the amount being deducted from their monthly salaries. The expenses incidental to the operation of the relief department were paid by the company, and, in case the fund < f The relief department is not sufficient:, the company pays all benefits due in full. The following are the provisions of the regulations be which the son was to be bound in his contract of membership:
"Should a member or bis legal representatives bring suit against the company for damages on account of the injury or death of such member, payment of benefits from the relief fund on account: of the same shall not he made until such suit; is discontinued; and if the suit shall proceed to judgment. or shall he compromised, all claims upon the relief fund for benefits on account, of such injury or death shall be thereby precluded. I also agree that, in consideration of amounts paid and to be paid by said company for the maintenance of the relief department, the acceptance of benefits from said relief fund for injury or death shall operate as release and satisfaction for all claims for damages against said company arising directly or indirectly from such injury or death, which could be made by him or his legal representative.”
The supreme court, upon These facts, say:
"By mutual contributions of the members and the company, a fund is pro- \ ided. and is available to a member injured by the company, whether in a way to render it liable for damages or not. The member, in his contract, a gives with the company that, in consideration of its contributions to the bind, if he is injured, he will not take the benefit thus provided and besides ask for damages because of the injury. But he has his election which he will take. Such a contract fixes his rights as a member of (.he relief department; that is, upon what terms he may receive payment from the department. It is purely defensive matter, arising upon contract, and does not go u- the jurisdiction of the court. * * * But such a. contract is said to be against public policy. We do not see why. it is not a contract by which ini' company can escape a leglal liability for its torts. The way is entirely open for the prosecution of any claim for negligence against the company, ami damages are obtainable to the full amount of the injury sustained.*936 There is no phase of public policy that prohibits a person agreeing that such full compensation, or whatever he may accept as a compensation, shall be in lieu of any claim he might otherwise have against the relief fund. It seems to be the thought inducing the contract that the company shall not be compelled to pay damages for the injuries sustained and also to contribute to a fund for additional relief. Such an agreement seems not only not against public policy, but it seems not inequitable.”
The case of Fuller v. Association, reported in 67 Md. 433, 10 Atl. 237, is a case much stronger than any yet referred to. According to the regulations of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, all its employés are compelled to become members of the relief association. The court says:
“The company makes it compulsory upon all its employés of certain classes and physical conditions to become members of the relief association, and to contribute so much a month out of their wages to create a fund for the benefit of the injured and sick. Members of the association who are injured while in the service of the company, whether the injury be caused by the negligence of the company or not, are entitled to a -certain sum, graded according td class, etc. The benefit which the company expected to derive from the association, or, at least, the principal benefit which it expected, was immunity from suits by its employés where they were injured, or supposed they were, by the negligence of the company. The benefit which members of the association esixecially derived from it is that they are paid a certain sum where the accident is not the result of the company’s negligence. The company does not pretend to exact from its employés, the members of the association, an agreement not to sue it for negligence; but, by the third section of the constitution of the association, assented to by each employé upon becoming a member, it does exact from them an agreement not to claim the benefit of the relief fund if they prefer to sue. * * * Nor can we see that this third clause of the constitution is so unreasonable that the court can'declare it void. The occux>ation of many of the employés of a railroad is especially hazardous. Accidents are constantly happening to them without fault on the part of the company that employs them, and in such cases they can have no redress except from an insurance. A compulsory insurance may at first seem harsh; but an insurance to some extent by general consent is deemed advisable, especially for those who have others dependent upon their daily labor. The provision against the double benefit and executing the release is one not unreasonable for the company to make, interested, as it is, as a guarantor and in other ways. The employés have a right to decline the service of the company under such conditions; but if ■they accept it, knowing the conditions, they are bound by them, unless these conditions are so unreasonable that a court can pronounce them void.”
Judge Sage, in the United States circuit court, in the case of Owens v. Railway Co., 35 Fed. 715, and Judge Bond, in the United States .circuit court for West Virginia, in the case of Martin v. Railroad Co., 41 Fed. 125, both held contracts similar to that now under consideration to be valid and binding upon the employé.
In view of these authorities, and of the reasons given in support of .the conclusions reached, I feel justified in holding the contract in this case valid and binding upon the plaintiff.
The next question to be determined is whether the act of 1890 of Ohio is constitutional. The latter part of the first section of said act .reads as follows:
“And no railroad company, insurance company, or association of other persons shall demand, expect, require or enter into any contract, agreement or stipulation with any other person about to enter, or in the employment of any railroad company, whereby such person stipulates 'or agrees to surrender, or waive any right to damages against any railroad company there*937 .‘iffor arising from personal injury or death, or whereby he agrees, to surrender or waive, in ease he asserts the same, any other right whatsoever, and all such stipulations or agreements shall he void.”
This act has been declared unconstitutional in the case of Cox v. Railway Co., 33 Ohio Law J., April 22, 1895, in a well-considered opin-, ion by Judge Dilatush, of the Warren county court of common pleas; and the court reaches that conclusion because said act violates sec: turn 1, art. 1, of the bill of rights, as interfering with the rights of private contract. That provision of the bill of rights is as follows:
•‘All men are by nature free and independent, and have certain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and defending property, and seeking and obtaining happiness and safety.”
Article 2, § 26, of the constitution of Ohio, provides:
“All laws of a general nature shall have uniform operation throughout the state.”
The act under consideration, while it is general in its nature, applies only to railroad companies and their employés, and is not,, therefore, general in its application, and does not operate uniformly on all classes of citizens. Under this statute, railroad companies are prohibited from making contracts which other corporal ions in the state are allowed to make.
Article 1, § 10, of the constitution of the United States prohibits any state from passing any law impairing the obligation of contracts.
Article 8, § 16, of the bill of rights of the state of Ohio prohibits making any law impairing the obligation of contracts.
Article 2 of the North AVestern Territorial Government (1787) provides as follows: :
“In the just preservation of rights and property, it is understood and declared that no law ought ever to be made or have force in said territory that shall in any manner interfere with or aft'cct private contracts or engagements bona Me without fraud, previously made.”
This extract from the ordinance or .1787 shows how jealously the right of personal liberty in the making of private contracts was regarded, and how carefully any restriction of said right was restrained.
The act under consideration is certainly one which impairs the rights of a large number of the citizens of Ohio to exercise a privilege which is dear to all persons, namely, that of making contracts concerning their own labor and the fruits thereof, and, so far as it relates to such contracts already made, impairs their validity. The act seems to assume that a large class of the citizens of the state, namely, those employed by railroad corporations, are incapable of making contracts for their own labor.
As hereinbefore stated, this contract shows on its face, not only that no unfair advantage is taken of these employés, but that the contract, in its broadest and fullest sense, is a beneficent one, intended for their protection and assistance. If in some cases it proves unsatisfactory to the employé insured, that is in itself no evidence that the contract is of an unconscionable nature, or unfair in its provisions.
The supreme court of Missouri has been recently called upon to pass upon a statute which was clearly class legislation of a similar character to that under consideration. The legislature of that state, on the 6th of March, 1893, passed a statute making it unlawful for an employer to prohibit an employé from joining, or requiring an employé to withdraw from, a trade or labor union or other lawful organization. The statute further made any violation of the provisions of the act punishable by a fine of not less than $50 or more than $1,000, or imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. The supreme court of Missouri held this act to be in violation of the fifth amendment of the constitution of the United States, and of the second article of the constitution, declaring that "no one shall be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law,” and in contravention of the first article of the fourteenth amendment of the constitution of the United States, prohibiting any state from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The court further held the said act to be unconstitutional, as being special legislation. The opinion of the court' is very elaborate and very carefully considered. I quote from it as follows, viz.:
“In the federal constitution, it will be noted that the rights of life, liberty, and property are grouped together in the same sentence. They constitute a trinity of right's, and each, as opposed to any unlawful deprivation thereof, is of equal constitutional importance. * * * These terms, ‘life,’ ‘liberty,’ and ‘property,’ are representative terms, and cover every right to which a member of the body politic is entitled under the law. Within their comprehensive scope are embraced the right of self-defense, freedom of speech, re.ligious and political freedom, exemption from arbitrary arrests, the right to buy and sell as others may, — all are liberties, personal, civil, and political; in short, all that makes life worth living; and of none of these liberties can any one be deprived except by due process of law.” State v. Julow (Mo. Sup.) 31 S. W. 781.
The court then further holds that to deny a citizen the right to make free, and valid contracts for his labor is to deprive him of “libei't.y, without due process of law”; and that any statute which undertakes to make such an act, otherwise innocent and lawful, a criminal
For the reasons stated, I am of the opinion — First, that the cob-tract set out in the defendant’s answer is a valid contract; and, second. that the act of the legislature of Ohio which declares it to he void and invalid is unconstitutional. The demurrer to the answer is therefore overruled.
