45 N.Y. 802 | NY | 1871
When the referee admitted the judgment roll in evidence, "subject to the objections duly made by the defendants' counsel," the record was in evidence for all the legitimate purposes of the action. By receiving the roll in that way, the referee followed a practice which, as we understand, prevails in some parts of the State, in trials before referees. It is understood and agreed between the parties, that the validity of the objection is not at the moment determined. The determination of it is reserved by the referee to be made upon more mature consideration, before the delivering of his report, and his determination thereon to be explicitly stated in his report. If he shall, after the case is submitted, overrule the objection and consider the evidence, the party objecting to it is, by this practice, to have the benefit of an exception. If, on the other hand, he sustains the objection and rejects the evidence, the party offering it is to have the benefit of an exception. Such, we say, is understood to be a practice in some parts of the State. It is one not to be commended, however; for it does not conduce to a clear and accurate trial of the action, nor to an explicit presentation of the questions for review. If the referee, in his report, shall state what he has done in admitting or rejecting the evidence, and it shall appear, without question, in the case as made up, that he has ruled and an exception has been taken to his ruling, such exception may be considered on review. But if, when evidence has been received subject to objection, he shall have afterward either sustained or overruled the objection, and there does not appear in the case any exception by the party aggrieved, it may turn out that the party has no sufficient remedy. This case presents an instance. The *805 plaintiff offered in evidence a judgment roll; the defendant made several objections; the roll was received subject to those objections. The plaintiff, whose evidence was in fact received, and is incorporated in the case now on appeal, claims that it was not considered by the referee; and one of his points is, that "the referee erred in rejecting the record in evidence against the heirs, after it had once been received in evidence and the cause was submitted to him." But there is nothing to show us that he rejected it in evidence. There is no exception to any rejection of it by him. He has reported, among his conclusions, certain statements as facts, which he could have derived only from the judgment roll. But in his conclusions of law, he makes no deduction from those facts, to the benefit of the plaintiff, as against the grantees of Parks. It is possible that, had a ruling been requested at the hearing, when the testimony was objected to, and it had been made, the plaintiff might have conducted the trial otherwise than he did. But his evidence was admitted. On the other hand, had the referee, receiving the evidence, given to it all the weight which the plaintiff claims for it, the defendant has no exception to its admission. Inasmuch, as a general rule, we are confined in our review to the errors of law, which are presented by exceptions made, it is evident that such a mode of trial of actions is hazardous.
The case is then before us with this evidence in it as the basis of facts found, but with conclusions of law, upon the facts found, adverse to the plaintiff. Did the referee commit any error thereby? We are of the opinion that he would have been right, had he ruled that the roll was not competent evidence against the grantees in the deed from Parks, as such. They were not, nor was either of them, in his own right, a party to that record, or a privy to it. At common law, a judgment against executors or administrators was not evidence against the heir, nor was it in equity. (Willard on Ex'rs, 315, and case cited.) For there is no privity between the executor and the heir. And though the grantees in the deed were also the widow and the heirs-at-law of Parks, there *806 is no privity which makes the judgment roll evidence against them, unless it is made so by statute. The statutes expressly provide that a judgment, docketed after the death of one against whom it has been obtained, or against his executors or administrators, shall not bind his real estate, but shall be held as a debt to be paid in the course of administration. (2 R.S., 359, § 7; 449, § 12; 355, § 24; 89, § 40.) The sections of the Revised Statutes do not give any competency to the records of such judgments, as evidence against heirs-at-law or grantees. The judgment, the roll of which was put in evidence in this case, was recovered against the administrators of Parks, upon a reference agreed to by them and sanctioned by the surrogate, in pursuance of the statute. (2 R.S., 89, §§ 36, 37). Chapter 460 of the law of 1837, provides for the mortgaging, selling or leasing of real estate of a deceased person for the payment of his debts. But it declares that, where a judgment has been got against an executor or administrator, the claim shall remain a debt to the same extent as before, to be established as if judgment had not been obtained. It excludes the idea that the judgment is evidence against the heir-at-law, or any grantee of the land, or that the claim assumes the character of a judgment debt. Chapter 172 of the Laws of 1843 added a proviso to chapter 460 of 1837, that where such judgment had been obtained on a trial or hearing upon the merits, it should be prima facie evidence of such debtbefore the surrogate. This still excludes the idea that it is evidence in any other court, or that the debt is yet a judgment debt. The heir-at-law may still contest the validity and legality of the debt, even on a proceeding before the surrogate, and may set up the statute of limitations in bar, and that notwithstanding any admission by the administrator. (2 R.S., 102, § 10.) There is nothing in the statutes which makes the judgment roll evidence against these grantees. Nor has the learned counsel for the appellant suggested to us any other provision of statute law. He asks, however, "would not a note of the intestate have been evidence, or a judgment against him? *807 Neither would have been conclusive against the fraudulent grantee, but certainly they would be admissible, and primafacie evidence of the facts shown by them. If a judgment against the intestate would be prima facie evidence, would not a like judgment against his administrator? If a note would be evidence, would not a judgment record reciting the note, and in which the note is merged, be evidence?" The instances put are not analogous. Where the signature of the intestate to the note is proven, it is the declaration or act of the one with whom the heir is in privity, and the proof is made in an action against the heir, in which he has his day in court. And so, when the judgment on the note against the intestate is shown, it is a judgment against one with whom the heir is in privity. That essential is lacking in this judgment.
And though one of the grantees (the widow of Parks) was also a defendant in the action in which the judgment was rendered, the roll of which was put in evidence, she was such in her representative capacity with the other administrators. As such she might not deny the validity of the claims of the plaintiff, then made against the personal representatives, and yet have a right to deny them when, eight years after, they are set up against her, in her own right, as the alleged fraudulent grantee of real estate. The plaintiff, in 1857 and 1858, may have had legal claims against the estate of the intestate, which an administratrix could not resist, save by proof of payment or set off. But when, in 1866, he comes to collect those claims from real estate, which has been conveyed to her by the intestate in his life-time, she may take the position that those claims, which were once enforceable against the administrator, are now barred by the statute of limitations, against heirs-at-law and grantees, and also that, though made the subject of a judgment by provision of statute, they are, by the same statute, precluded from becoming thereby judgment debts. The learned counsel for the appellant claims, however, that the judgment roll having been received in evidence, though objection was made by the *808 respondents, it cannot now be claimed that it was incompetent as evidence against them.
It is held, in Flora v. Carbeau (
Certainly the plaintiff cannot claim that he stands in any better position than he would be in were there no deed from the intestate, and the title to the lands were on the record in his name. It is stated, indeed, that the purpose of the action may be to set aside the deed, so that application may be made to the surrogate to sell the lands, as real estate of the intestate, for the payment of his debts. If, however, the deed were set aside, or had never been, and the plaintiff were now making application to the surrogate for sale of the land, the heirs at law could contest his claim, and set up the statute of limitations against it. The judgment would be prima facie evidence of the debt, and no more. But, in making evidence that the debt ever existed, it would show that it was eight years since it was due, and also establish prima facie the defence of the statute, in favor of the heirs. It cannot prove more in this action.
It is said that the statute is not well pleaded by the defendants. The answer avers that they did not, nor did their intestate, *809 become indebted to the plaintiff within nine years next preceding the commencement of the action, nor did they undertake or promise to pay the plaintiff, in the manner and form set forth in the complaint. The appellant contends that this answer does not negative the accruing of a cause of action within six years of the bringing of the action; that though the promise may not have been made nor the indebtedness begun within nine years, it may have been not until within six that the promise was mature or the indebtedness due and payable. But it will be observed that the answer denies the becoming indebted or promising in the manner and form set forth in the complaint. That manner and form is "in divers demands, notes and accounts, more particularly specified in the judgment roll," which, it is alleged, was filed and judgment docketed against the administrators on the 31st August, 1858. This is tantamount to an averment that the divers demands, notes and accounts were due and payable before the proceedings were commenced, which resulted in a judgment in August, 1858. The answer denying the becoming indebted and the promise and undertaking within nine years, in manner and form as set forth in the complaint, is tantamount to a denial that within nine years there was a becoming indebted and a promise and undertaking to pay the demands, notes and accounts, which became due and payable before August 1, 1858. From the two pleadings the issue is sufficiently definite to admit in proof the defence of the statute.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs to the respondent.
All concur.
Judgment affirmed. *810