| Ark. | May 5, 1924
Lead Opinion
(after stating the facts). Counsel for the defendants have attached to their brief what they claim is a map of the proposed drainage district, which shows the location of the levees referred to in the complaint.
Counsel for the plaintiff, in their reply brief, claim that it is the purpose of the district to build a dam across the St. Francis River, from the lower end of one of the proposed levees to the other, and to let out the water • thus impounded by a lock or a gate, which may be closed at will. We cannot consider these matters.
The court sustained a demurrer to the complaint, and rendered judgment accordingly. The allegations of the bill, which are confessed by the demurrer, control in this case. Contrary to the common-law rule, under our Code every reasonable intendment and presumption is to be made in favor of a pleading, and a complaint will not be set aside on demurrer unless it be so fatally defective that, taking all the facts to be admitted, the court can say they furnish no cause of action whatever. Ferrell v. Elkins, 159 Ark. 31" date_filed="1923-05-21" court="Ark." case_name="Ferrell v. Elkins">159 Ark. 31.
A demurrer will not lie to a complaint if it states sufficiently but imperfectly a cause of action; but the remedy in such case is by motion to make the complaint more definite and certain. Williams v. Memphis, Dallas & Gulf Railroad Co., 133 Ark. 188" date_filed="1918-03-25" court="Ark." case_name="Williams v. Memphis, Dallas & Gulf Railroad">133 Ark. 188.
Tested by the rule laid down above, construing pleadings, the question in this case is whether the commissioners of a drainage district, duly organized under the statute, may erect a levee and dam which obstruct the flow of the waters of the St. Francis Eiver in Poinsett County, and thereby injure the lands of another, and the district incur no liability.
Our Constitution provides that the right of property is before and higher than any constitutional sanction, and that private property shall not be taken, appropriated, or damaged for public use, without just compensation therefor. Article 2, § 22, of the Constitution of 1874.
■ It is claimed, however, that the constitutional provision that private property shall not be damaged for public use except on due compensation, does not contemplate damages resulting without legal injury, as in the case at bar. The rule is invoked that a levee district may .rightfully construct a levee across sloughs, swales and other low places, which'help to absorb the flood waters of a river, without liability to a riparian owner, whose lands are left between the levee and the river, and which -are damaged as- a result of the levee’s raising the height .of the flood waters. McCoy v. Bd. Dir. of Plum Bayou Levee Dist., 95 Ark. 345" date_filed="1910-06-13" court="Ark." case_name="McCoy v. Board of Directors">95 Ark. 345, and City Oil Works v. Helena Imp. Dist. No. 1, 149 Ark. 285" date_filed="1921-06-30" court="Ark." case_name="City Oil Works v. Helena Improvement District No. 1">149 Ark. 285. The rule there announced ■depends upon the two legal maxims that one may use his own property as he will, and that he must not so use his ■own as to interfere with the legal rights of others. The .-sea-was regarded as-a common enemy to the adjacent landowners, and any owner of land exposed to its inroads might protect himself by erecting barriers against its encroachment, and what each landowner might do for himself, the commissioners- of a levee district, acting for all the landowners within the boundaries of the district, might do for them. So it was held that they might erect such defenses for the lands under their care as the necessity of the case required, leaving the other landowners in like manner to protect themselves against the common enemy.
This court applied this principle to the waters of large navigable rivers subject to extensive overflows, like the Arkansas and the Mississippi. The object in such cases is to confine the roaming flood waters of the navigable river within the confines of the levees, which, so to speak, establish new banks for the river. But, as levees are constructed for the sole purpose of protecting the lands from overflow, and, in order to do this, must prevent the ingress of water upon the adjacent lands, the raising of the depth of the flood waters upon the lands left outside the levee is a damage which must be borne by the landowners.
Assuming that the principle laid down above applies to the waters of the St. Francis River in Poinsett County as well as to the large navigable rivers of the State, the majority of the court is of the opinion that the facts alleged in the complaint, though defectively stated, take the case out of the general rule and bring it within one of the well-known exceptions, which is that the waters of a stream may not be obstructed by dams or other embankments so as to throw the water back upon the upper .proprietors and thereby damage or destroy entirely tlie use of their property. In the very nature of the case the danger of ruin by floods, against which levees are' intended to guard, renders it imperative that the board should have the fullest latitude in establishing the lines of levees. But, in establishing’ the lines of the levees, it must be borne in mind that they are erected -for-- the purpose of confining the flood waters within the limits of the levee and thereby protecting the adjacent lands from the encroachment of such flood waters.
It is a matter of common knowledge, however, that there are valleys or bottoms which are rich and fertile along all the rivers of this State, and that the width of these bottoms varies greatly. Therefore we recognize that projects having for their purpose the protection of such lands from overflow by building levees, and of draining them by constructing ditches, may be united, and one improvement district may be organized for both levees and drainage ditches.
If the commissioners had erected levees along both banks, at some distance therefrom, for the purpose of preventing the waters of the St. Francis River from overflowing the adjacent lands, the fact that the lands of the plaintiff were left outside of the levees would bring him within the rule above announced, and he could not recover compensation for his lands thereby damaged or taken. It is fairly inferable from the complaint, however, that something more than this was done. In order to prevent the waters within the banks of the levees from spreading out and overflowing the lands below the levees, a dam or embankment was constructed at the lower end of the levees, so as to impound the waters and let them out through a floodgate or floodway, at the will of the commissioners. This caused an obstruction to the flow of the waters, and threw them back upon the lands of the plaintiff, so as to destroy their use for agricultural purposes.
According to the allegations of the complaint, the St. Francis River enters Poinsett County from the north, and, for about nine miles south thereof, traverses a large area of swamp and overflowed lands, containing many thousand acres located in a low basin. The plaintiff’s lands are located in the basin, and, while subject, more or less, to periodical overflows from the St. Francis River, nevertheless he was able to grow cotton, corn, hay, and other farm products, annually on his land.
The complaint alleges, further, that the drainage district has adopted plans for the construction of a levee 15 feet in height along each side of the -basin and along and across the outlet thereof, thus converting the basin into an immense reservoir, with said levees as retaining walls, for the purpose of storing the water entering said basin and retarding its flow, and, in this way, enabling-said water to enter a floodway to the south in such a way as to protect the lands to the south from overflow.
It is further alleged that, by so confining said water, the defendant has totally destroyed the lands of the plaintiff and the timber thereon.
This the commissioners had no right to do. They only had the right to construct the levees and to confine the waters within the banks of the levees as they flowed towards the south. Any damages which might result to the plaintiff by reason of this increasing the depth of the flood level on his lands would be a loss which the plaintiff must suffer within the rule above announced. The commissioners had no right, however, to build an embankment across the outlet of the basin between the lower ends of the levees, and thereby obstruct the flow of the flood waters and cause the same to flow back on the plaintiff’s land, and destroy its use for agricultural purposes, and to destroy the timber growing on it.
The complaint alleges that a floodway was left in the southern embankment. It is fairly inferable that, by this, was meant a floodgate which could be opened or lowered at the will of the commissioners. If it did not mean this, a motion to make the complaint more definite should have been made, instead of interposing a demurrer to it.
The building- of the embankment across the outlet of the basin between the lower end of the levees, in the opinion of a majority of the court, constitutes, under the allegations of the complaint, a taking or damage of the plaintiff’s lands within the meaning of the provision of the Constitution above mentioned. Such act constitutes an independent cause producing damages. The principle was realized in the ease of City Oil Works v. Helena Improvement District No. 1, 149 Ark. 285" date_filed="1921-06-30" court="Ark." case_name="City Oil Works v. Helena Improvement District No. 1">149 Ark. 285. In that case a new leyee was constructed along the banks of the Mississippi River, and the plaintiff’s oil mill was left outside of the levee. The court held that the plaintiff could not recover for the damage caused by its mill being left outside the levee, but that it could recover for damages caused by the new levee, being built across its industrial tracks.
In the application of the same principle the Supreme Court of Mississippi held that the owner of land lying between an inner and outer levee, erected to protect a district from the overflow of a river, is entitled to compensation for property destroyed by the cutting, by the levee commissioners, of the outer levee in order to use the water covering the space between the two as a cushion to protect the inner one, the result of which was to devastate the land of the claimant. Jones v. Bd. of Mississippi Levee Commrs. (Miss.), 66 So. 413" date_filed="1914-10-15" court="Miss." case_name="Jones v. Board of Mississippi Levee Com'rs">66 So. 413, L. R. A. 1916F, p. 1294.
In short, a majority of the court is of the opinion that the building of an embankment at the outlet of the basin, between the lower end of the levees, and thereby confining the water so as to cause it to flow back upon the plaintiff’s lands and destroy them, constituted ■ an independent cause which damaged or appropriated the plaintiff’s lands, and for which he was entitled to compensation, under the provision of the Constitution above set out.
It is true that, under the allegations of the complaint, a floodway was left in the embankment across the outlet of the basin between the lower end of the levees; but, as above stated, it is fairly inferable that by this was meant a flood-gate, by which the commissioners could control the flow of the water to the south, and which did obstruct its flow. This is shown by the great quantity of land which was left within the confines of the banks of the levees. As we have seen, the object of constructing levees is to confine the flood waters within the course of the stream, and they cannot be constructed in such way as to obstruct the natural flow of the waters and cause them to flow back upon the lands of the upper proprietors and thereby damage or destroy them for the use for which they are adapted, without compensation. It may also be stated that, under the allegations of the complaint, a part of the lands of the plaintiff was actually used for the purpose of constructing the levees, and all of us are of the opinion that the plaintiff is entitled to compensation for so much of the lands as were actually taken and used in the construction of the levee.
If the court thought that the complaint was in any wise defective or indefinite, it should have treated the demurrer as a motion to make it more definite and certain.
The result of the views of a majority of the court is that the circuit court erred in sustaining the demurrer to the complaint, and for that error the judgment must be reversed, and the cause will be remanded, with directions to overrule the demurrer and for further proceedings according to law.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). The ■allegations of the complaint are, in substance, that the land of plaintiff is situated in a low basin which is subject to overflow from the waters of the St. Francis Eiver, and that the drainage district is about to construct a levee along both sides of the basin for the purpose of confining the waters and preventing their spread to other lands on the south. It is true that there is a further statement in the complaint that the construction of the levees, in effect, converts “said basin into an immense reservoir, with said levees as retaining walls, for the purpose of storing water entering said basin and retarding its flow.” But this is a mere statement of a conclusion, and means no more than that the effect of the levees in preventing the spread of the overflow waters to other lands on the south necessarily confines the water within the levees and raises it higher on the lands in the basin. This language does not take the case out of the operation of our former decisions (McCoy v. Board of Directors of Plum Bayou Levee District, 95 Ark. 345" date_filed="1910-06-13" court="Ark." case_name="McCoy v. Board of Directors">95 Ark. 345; City Oil Works v. Helena Improvement District, 149 Ark. 285), for the facts in those cases were that the construction of the levees which prevented the spread of overflow waters necessarily-raised the height of the overflow on lands between the levee and the river. There is no allegation here that the St. Francis River, from which the overflow comes, is about to be dammed up or its waters disturbed further than to prevent them from spreading beyond the basin. The statement in the complaint that the levees are to be built on both sides of the basin “and along and across the outlet thereof” is not open to the construction that the river is to be dammed, and means no more than that the waters are to-be confined within the levees so as to prevent their spread. The allegations simply present a case where there is sought to prevent the spread of waters from a stream and thereby the height -of the water is raised -on the land between the stream and the levee, but this is the very principle that was settled' in the cases cited above, contrary to the contention of plaintiff’s counsel in the present case.