These two actions of tort, each against a physician for malpractice in treating the plaintiff’s broken leg, were tried together. The jury returned a verdict for the defendant Ramsey and, by direction of the judge, a verdict for the defendant Dolan. The cases come before us on the plaintiff’s exceptions to the direction of a verdict for the defendant Dolan, to the exclusion and admission of evidence and to the charge of the judge in the action against the defendant Ramsey.
There was evidence of the following facts: The plaintiff’s leg was broken August 30, 1926. Two days later Dr. Ramsey, a general practitioner, came to the plaintiff’s home, put the plaintiff’s leg in the fold of a pillow, tied it with a clothes line, and said that he could not set the leg but would be back the next day with another doctor. The next day he returned with Dr. Dolan, a specialist in surgery, who, with Dr. Ramsey’s assistance, put the leg in a cast. Dr. Dolan did not see nor talk with the plaintiff or his wife again. The evidence was conflicting as to whether the defendant Ramsey was treating or purporting to treat the plaintiff except as above stated. But it could have been found that he saw the plaintiff at his home about twice a day for two or three weeks and once a day for two weeks, being paid each time for his visit, and then stopped coming to see the plaintiff. Another physician saw the plaintiff October 29 when the cast was still on the leg. An X-ray photograph was made October 30. None had been made before. The plaintiff was admitted to a hospital November 2. The outcome of the case was unfavorable.
The plaintiff contends that the jury could have found this defendant negligent in (a) failing “to use proper skill in performing the operation,” (b) “treating the plaintiff at home,” (c) failing “to advise the plaintiff that hospitalization was necessary,” (d) “putting on a temporary cast without advising the plaintiff that it was only temporary and that a later reduction of the fracture would be necessary,” (e) “failing to have X-rays taken,” and (f) “failing to continue to attend the plaintiff after putting on the cast.” The evidence, however, did not warrant a finding of negligence or other malpractice.
The duty of this defendant to the plaintiff was determined by the nature of his employment by the plaintiff, particularly whether it was a general employment to take charge of the case or an employment only for the specific occasion when he went to the plaintiff’s home. There was no evidence of employment in express terms, and the nature of the employment must be implied from the circumstances. There was evidence that this defendant was asked by Dr. Ramsey to see a “broken leg case” which he had as a general practitioner, and that this defendant saw the plaintiff at his home, once only, in consultation with Dr. Ramsey, diagnosed the case, gave advice, made an incomplete reduction and put a temporary plaster cast on the plaintiff’s leg to prevent it from getting worse. The plaintiff testified, without contradiction, to a conversation in his presence between this defendant and Dr. Ramsey tending to show that as between Dr. Ramsey and this defendant the former was then in charge of the case and the latter a consultant. There was no evidence that the treatment given by this defendant was more than temporary and in the nature of an emergency treatment, or that any arrangement was made by the plaintiff or Dr. Ramsey for this defendant to continue to attend the plaintiff or tó see him again — except as the plaintiff testified that this defendant said that he would come the next day and bring a pair of crutches — or to take over the charge of the case from Dr. Ramsey. This
It follows from what has been said that the liability of this defendant, if any, must be based on his conduct on the one occasion when he attended the plaintiff and the necessary incidents thereof. There was no evidence that this defendant did not have proper professional skill or use such skill on this occasion unless in the specific respects relied on by the plaintiff and hereinafter considered. No inference to the contrary can be drawn from the plaintiff’s testimony that the defendant “looked at the leg and started putting the cast on and that is all he did in the way of examining.” There was no evidence of inadequacy of such an examination and the matter was not within the field of common knowledge possessed by the jury. Nor could an inference of lack of, or failure to use, proper skill be drawn from the unfavorable outcome of the case. Semerjian v. Stetson, 284 Mass. 510, 514.
There was no evidence that this defendant was negligent in “treating the plaintiff at home.” It is true that this defendant, on cross-examination by plaintiff’s counsel, testified “that this was no case to treat at home, that it was a case for hospitalization from the beginning to the end,” but it is obvious in the light of the witness’s other testimony that this statement was not an expression of his opinion in respect to the temporary emergency treatment which he gave the plaintiff. Kettleman v. Atkins, 229 Mass. 89, 91. See Lowell v. Boston Storage Warehouse Co. 280 Mass. 234, 237. And the somewhat similar testimony of Dr. Ramsey goes no further. Furthermore there was no evidence that this defendant did not use proper skill because he gave such temporary treatment without an X-ray photograph. Such evidence as was introduced was to the contrary, though there was evidence of the necessity of an X-ray photograph in the treatment of a broken leg. The
2. There was no error in the exclusion or admission of evidence.
The exclusion, subject to the plaintiff’s exception, of a question asked the defendant Dolan on cross-examination was within the discretion of the judge. Commonwealth v. Bosworth, 257 Mass. 212, 214. And the admission of testimony of this witness, also subject to the plaintiff’s exception,
3. There was no error in the judge’s charge in the action against the defendant Ramsey.
The plaintiff argues only his exceptions to the giving of three instructions requested by the defendant Ramsey. The instructions requested were not given in terms but we treat the plaintiff’s exceptions as bringing before us the question of the general correctness of the charge on the matters referred to in these requests. Galligan v. Old Colony Street Railway, 182 Mass. 211, 213-214.
The judge after instructing the jury that there was no dispute here “that in the treatment of a broken leg the taking of X-rays in the present state of the medical science is an essential thing,” and also instructing them in regard to the effect of a refusal of the plaintiff to have X-rays taken, following closely the law as stated in Carey v. Mercer, 239 Mass. 599, gave the following instructions on the matters referred to in this defendant’s, requests: On the matter referred to. in request numbered 1, which dealt with this defendant’s responsibility for the conduct of Dr. Dolan, “There is no evidence here that anything happened at the time Dr. Dolan was there [at the plaintiff’s home] for which the defendant Dr. Ramsey would be liable.” And on the matters referred to in requests numbered 2 and 3, “Merely by virtue of the relationship of physician and patient the defendant was not under the duty to transport the plaintiff
The charge in regard to Dr. Ramsey’s liability for the conduct of Dr. Dolan at the plaintiff’s home was correct. On the evidence most favorable to the plaintiff the defendant Ramsey was the physician in charge of the case and the defendant Dolan a surgeon selected by him. There is, however, no evidence that the selection of Dr. Dolan was improper, or that Dr. Dolan in treating the plaintiff was the agent or servant of Dr. Ramsey or acted under his direction or control. In these circumstances Dr. Ramsey was not hable for any act or omission of Dr. Dolan in his treatment of the plaintiff. Nelson v. Sandell, 202 Iowa, 109. Brown v. Bennett, 157 Mich. 654. Mayer v. Hipke, 183 Wis. 382.
The charge on the matter of X-rays referred to in requests numbered 2 and 3 was sufficiently favorable to the plaintiff. It was not a part of the ordinary duty of this defendant as a physician “to transport the plaintiff to an X-ray doctor.” And if he undertook to do so as an incident of his treatment of the plaintiff he did not fail in his duty as a physician if he withdrew from his undertaking after giving reasonable notice of withdrawal, even if he did not wholly withdraw from the case. There is no evidence of any special contract to transport the plaintiff which imposed upon this defendant any greater duty to transport the plaintiff than was described in the charge. Furthermore, if the failure to have an X-ray photograph made was due to the plaintiff’s conduct after he had been advised
Exceptions overruled.