1 Ala. 52 | Ala. | 1840
— First. It was argued for the defendants in error that the deed from Lewis Sewali, professing to convey to his son a title to the slaves in controversy is inoperative and void against the defendant, who was a subsequent purchaser without notice ; because the same was not recorded pursuant to law. At the time the deed of gift, under which the plaintiff claims, was executed, the only law providing for the registration of such a writing, was the second section of the statute of frauds. So much of that section as is material to the point, is in these words : — “ And moreover, if any conveyance be of goods and chattels, and be not, on consideration, deemed valuable iu the law, it shall be taken to be fraudulent within this act ; unless the same be by will, duly proved and recorded ; or by deed in writing acknowledged and proved. If the same deed include lands also, in such manner as conveyances of lands are by law directed to be acknowledged or proved, or if it be of goods and chattels only, then acknowledged or proved by one or more witnesses, in the Superior Court or County Court, wherein one of the parties lives, within twelve months after the execution thereof ; or unless possession shall really and bona fide remain with the donee..” Here it is expressly required that in order to the legality of the registration of a deed founded on a
Second. — The deed being void, we will now inquire whether the finding of the jury shows that there was a gift by parol. In saying that the deed is void, we desire not to be understood as determining it to be invalid for all purposes, but merely declare it inoperative to pass title. It may, however, be regarded as equivalent to a parol declaration of the donor’s wishes, and if the constituents of a gift inter vivos are shown, the plaintiff’s right must prevail.
^It is laid down in the books that at common law, in order to pass the title to a chattel by a parol gift, there must be an actual delivery of the thing. Á mere intention or naked promise to give, without some act to pass the property, is not a gift. There exists the locus penit entice so long as the gift is incomplete and left imperfect in the mode of executing it; and a Court of equity will not interfere and give effect to a gift left inchoate and imperfect.'
The deed we have seen, declares the intention of the donor that the slaves should cease to be his property, and a title to them, vest in his son, the plaintiff. The jury find that “subsequently” to the execution of the deed and the payment of one dollar for each slave, “a formal delivery of the slaves, was “made.” When, to whom, and upon what occasion this delivery was made, is not ascertained by the finding. Whether it was made to the plaintiff, and whether it had reference to the deed, orto any previously declared intention of Lewis Sewall to vest the property in his son, we are wholly uninformed. These are questions to which the jury should have furnished a response by their verdict, and we are not authorized to infer from its silence a conclusion favorable to the plaintiff.
It is a well established principle that the Court will not aid a defective special verdict by intending facts to have been proved to the satisfaction of the jury, even if those facts appear from the record to have been given in evidence. A verdict is the act of the jury and cannot be aided either by intendment, or a reference to extrinsic facts; otherwise it might become the act of the Court. “Such an assumption” (say this Court in Lee vs. Campbell’s heirs, 4 Porter’s Rep. 202.) “ we would consider a palpable, if not an alarming invasion of the rights of the jury. (See also Bolling vs. Mayor, &c. 3 Rand. Rep. 577 ; Brown, &c. vs. Ralston, &c. 4 Rand. Rep. 516.)
The finding of the jury then, in the particulars staled, is too uncertain and defective to have authorized the rendition of a judgment in favor of the plaintiff; yet the facts found are such as to show, that there were other facts touching which there was evidence ; in regard to these the verdict is silent; and the Court without rendering a judgment for the defendant, should have awarded a venire facias de novo. It is laid down by the elementary writers where an uncertain, ambiguous of defective
In Brown, &c. v. Ralston, &c. (4 Rand. Rep. 518), the Court of Appeals of Virginia, considered the difference between a neiv trial and a venire facias de novo, and in what cases the latter would be the appropriate procedure where the jury have returned a special verdict. Judge Carr, in his opinion, cites (Witham v. Lewis, 1 Wils. Rep. 54 and ’5) a ease, in which the twelve Judges of England associated with the Lord Chancellor Hardwicke, examine the same question. Lord Chief Justice Willes, in delivering the opinion of the Court remarks, “ a "venire facias de novo and a new trial are very different things, though alike in some points.” They agree in this, that a new trial takes place in both, and that the Court may or may not grant either. They differ in this, that the venire facias is the ancient proceeding of the Common Law; (he new trial, a modern invention, to mitigate the severity of the proceeding by attaint. New trials are generally granted where a general verdict is found; a venire de novo, upon a special verdict. The most material difference between them is, that a venire must be granted upon matters appearing upon the record; but a new trial may be granted upon things out of it; as if the verdict be contrary to the evidence, or the judge has given'wrong instructions. But a venire can only be granted in one of two cases. 1st. If it appear upon the face of the verdict, that it is so imperfect that no judgment can be given upon it. 2d. Where it appears that the jury ought to have found other facts differently. An example of the first is the ease of Chatie v. Harwell, a prosecution for selling wine by retail; venire de novo, because of the imperfection of the verdict; the act of Parliament having particularly mentioned retail measure, as quart, gallon, &c.; and
The authorities cited, show that where a verdict is so ambiguous or defective, that the Court cannot with certainty know what particular judgment the correct administration of justice requires: or where it appears that the jury ought to have found other facts, in such cases the correct practice is, to send the case, to another jury. That the verdict in the case before us is too defective to have authorized the judgment of the Court, has been already shown, and the consequences we have indicated must follow, unless independently of the defectiveness of the verdict, it appears that the plaintiff has no title to the slaves in controversy.
To show a want of title in the plaintiff, it was argued for the defendant, that the parol gift under which the plaintiff sought to recover, was inoperative and void, by the provision of the statute of frauds, already cited, because the possession of the slaves did, not really and bona fide remain unth him. That a man not involved in debt may make provision for his children, is a principle not merely of municipal law; but of natural justice. And that a gift once perfected by delivery and acceptance is irrevocable, unless it be prejudicial to creditors, or the donor
We have already said that the finding of the jury is uncertain in regard to a delivery; that is, to whom, and in reference to what purpose or intention it was made. But assuming the delivery to have been made to the plaintiff, or some one else for him, with the design of carrying out the purpose expressed in the deed, we are of opinion that the possession of the donor under the circumstances, could not invalidate the gift. It must be remembered that the donee was of very tender years when the gift was made, continued to reside with his father up to the period of the death of the latter, and had not in fact, attained his majority when the present suit was commenced. The plaintiff had iro guardian in respect to this or any other property, appointed by law. He lived under the paternal roof; and was controlled, both himself and the slaves by the donor: the possession of the father must be regarded as his possession. Any other conclusion would tend to injustice. The gift, if perfected by a delivery and acceptance, we have seen, was irrevocable by the donor. The donee, on account of his infancy, was not entitled to actual possession of the slaves, and could do no act to prejudice his ■rights: and inasmuch as he could not act in respect to the property, it seems necessarily to follow, that he cannot be injured by an omission to act. This course of reasoning, brings us to ■the conclusion, that the failure of the plaintiff to retain the possession of the slaves separate and apart from the control of the donor, does not bring his case within the influence of the statute •of frauds, and thus avoid it.
In Howard v. Williams, (1 Bailey’s Rep. 575), the Court of Appeals of South Carolina, held that the possession by the donor, if the donee be a child residing with the parent, was not to be deemed a badge of fraud.
I am aware that in Frisbie & wife v. McCarty, I made a remark which may seem to conflict with our opinion upon a very important feature of the present case. I there said “ if the deed be invalid, the plaintiff could not discard it and claim by force of the delivery of the negro made at the time of the execution: that constituted but a part of the res questse, and had reference to, and was dependent upon the deed.” The delivery of the slave in that case was made simultaneously with the execution of the deed. Here, it was made at a subsequent period:
The best consideration we have been able to give this case, brings us to the conclusion that no judgment should have been rendered upon the special verdict; but that the case should have been submitted to another jury.
That there may be a determination upon the principles stated, the judgment of the Circuit Court is reversed and the case remanded, that a venire facias de novo, may be awarded.
