This is an appeal from an order striking the defendants’ answer for spoliation of evidence. There was spoliation. But the trial court’s findings as to spoliation of certain categories of evidence are not supported by the record. Accordingly, we reverse the order striking the answer and remand the case for the trial court to determine what, if any, sanctions are appropriate.
On the evening of December 9, 2006, Martin Treadwell, Jr., was towing a car behind his pickup truсk as he drove on Interstate 16. His wife Essie Treadwell was a passenger in the pickup truck. Tony Martin, who was driving a tractor-trailer for Premier Transportation, ran into the towed car from the rear. On November 17, 2008, Essie Treadwell filed a lawsuit against Martin, J.H.O.C., Inc. d/b/a Premier Transportation, and Sentry Select Insurance Company, alleging negligence and seeking to recover damages for personal injuries. Treadwell subsequently moved to strike the defendants’ answer due to alleged spoliation of the following evidence: Martin’s logbooks, data from a GeoLogic system on his vehicle and data from the Electronic Control Module (ECM) on his vehicle. On November 9, 2011, the trial court issued an order granting the motion and striking the answer, finding as matters of fact that the defendants had “destroyed the driver’s trip documents, including log books, ECM data, Geo[L]ogic data and results from the investigation.” After we granted their application for interlocutory review, Sentry Select, Premier and Martin filed this apрeal.
1. Spoliation.
“Spoliation refers to the destruction or failure to preserve evidence that is necessary to contemplated or pending litigation. Such conduct creates the presumption that the evidence would have beеn harmful to the spoliator.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Baxley v. Hakiel Industries,
The record shows that shortly after the collision, the Treadwells’ attorney sent a letter to Sentry, stating that he was representing them in the claim involving Martin and Premier, that the Treadwells were continuing medical treatment for injuries sustained in the collision, and that once they reached their maximum medical improvement he would “be in touch . . . regarding settlement of this claim.” The attorney also requested to be provided with certain documentation in regard to the claim. Sеveral days later, Sentry sent a reply letter, noting that it was the liability insurer for Premier, that it was not admitting liability, that its investigation revealed its insured was not responsible for the accident, and that in the event of any settlement of the claim it would need the attorney’s tax identification number.
Tim Pilato, Premier’s executive vice president, deposed that in his 28 years in the trucking industry he has been involved in a lot of litigation and that every collision that occurs on the highway “does involve a claim.” Pilato testified that, following Premier’s typical protocol, an adjuster was sent to the scene to investigate the accident. Pilato also contacted Paul Kostelac, Premier’s retained risk management consultant, to help with the investigation оf the collision. Among other things, Kostelac deposed that, based on information he had received about the Treadwells, “we knew we had a very adversarial claimant initially.”
It is true that notice of liability is not the same as notice of litigation, and “the simple fact that someone is injured in an accident, without more, is not notice that the injured party is contemplating litigation sufficient to automatically trigger the rules of spoliation. [Cits.]” Kitchens v. Brusman,
2. The evidence in question.
The trial court found that the defendants had destroyed Martin’s logbooks, GeoLogic data, ECM data, and the results of an investigation. “In determining whether to impose sanctions for evidence spoliation, trial courts routinely and necessarily mаke factual findings about whether spoliation occurred... [and] the importance of the compromised evidence.” (Citation omitted.) Bouve & Mohr v. Banks,
(a) Logbooks.
As an initial matter, we note that although the appellants have made assertions in their statement of facts about what the logbooks would have shown, they have not enumerated that the trial court erred in finding spoliation of the drivеr logbooks. Indeed, the appellants admit that they had possession of the logbooks after the accident, maintained control of them for over a year, and then purged them after arbitration proceedings between their prоperty damage insurer, who is not Sentry, and Martin Treadwell’s insurer. Accordingly, appellants have shown no error in the trial court’s finding of spoliation as to the logbooks.
(b) GeoLogic.
Appellants argue that the trial court erred in finding that the GeoLogic data was destroyed, that such information did not exist. The argument is contradicted by the record.
During his deposition, Pilato testified that the GeoLogic is an electronic, satellite-based system that Premier has on its trucks for communication; that at the time of the collision Premier could track the location of its drivers through the GeoLogic system; that at the time of the collision, the GeoLogic was used for dispatching trucks; that those dispatch records were maintained in a computer database; and that those records were purged from the system. Moreover, risk management consultant Kostelac deposed that he reviewed the GeoLogic printout from that time frame with tractor-trailer driver Martin.
Thus, contrary to the apрellants’ claim, there is evidence showing that the GeoLogic data existed and has been destroyed. And since the trial court’s findings of fact were supported by the evidence, we will uphold them. See Bouve & Mohr, supra (affirming trial court’s factual findings in spoliation case).
(c) ECM data.
It is undisputed that the appellants downloaded information from the ECM and provided it to Treadwell. But Treadwell asserts that the information was obtained using software which was only capable of retrieving the vehicle’s engine pаrameters, and not the “hard brake” data that could have been captured with the correct software and which would have shown information such as the speed of the truck before impact and when the brakes were applied. Hоwever, Treadwell has pointed to no evidence in the record supporting her assertion that such data could have been retrieved from the ECM on Martin’s vehicle. Indeed, Treadwell concedes
It is axiomatic that in order for there to be spoliation, the evidence in question must have existed and been in the control of a party. See generally OCGA § 24-4-22; Jones v. Krystal Co.,
(d) Investigation results.
Treadwell’s motion did not mention the destruction of “results from the investigation” as a ground for its spoliation claim, and the trial court’s order is silеnt as to precisely what it was referring to when it found that the appellants had destroyed “results from the investigation.” Treadwell identifies no evidence supporting this finding by the trial court, and instead admits that the trial court failed to expound on what it meаnt by “results from the investigation.” She then speculates about what the trial court was referring to, guessing that perhaps it meant information collected by Kostelac or an adjuster’s file. Given the lack of specificity in the trial court’s order and the failure to identify evidence showing that investigation results were destroyed, this finding by the trial court was erroneous.
3. Sanctions.
“[T]rial courts have the power to control the behavior of litigants before them to maintain the integrity of the judicial process, and this рower includes the discretion to fashion appropriate remedies for the spoliation of evidence.” (Citation omitted.) Wal-Mart, supra at 544 (1).
To remedy the prejudice resulting from evidence spoliation, a trial court is authorized to craft a solution that fits the facts; the court may (1) charge the jury that spoliation of evidence creates the rebuttable presumption that the evidence would have been harmful to the spoliator; (2) dismiss the case; or (3) exclude testimony about the evidence. This is not an exhaustive list of sanctions a trial court may impose; rather, the trial court has wide latitude to fashion sanctions on a case-by-case basis, considering what is appropriate and fair under the circumstances.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Kitchens, supra at 709 (1) (c). Moreover, on appeal we “will not disturb a trial court’s imposition of sanctions for evidence spoliation unless the trial court abused its discretion.” Wal-Mart, supra at 546 (1).
In this case, as recounted above, the trial court was authorized tо impose appropriate sanctions for spoliation of the logbooks and GeoLogic data. However, the trial court also premised its sanction of striking the answer on the improper findings that the appellants had destroyed the alleged ECM data and the unidentified results of some investigation. Because a trial court must fashion a remedy appropriate to its findings, and here the trial court relied in significant part on erroneous findings to impose the most extreme sanction of striking the appellants’ answer, we conclude that the trial court erred. See generally Chicago Hardware &c. v. Letterman,
Judgment reversed and case remanded with direction.